This study investigates the influence of extraction method and solvent on the UV spectral characteristics of extracts obtained from selected agro-industrial waste materials. Conventional maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were applied using distilled water and 70% (v/v) ethanol as solvents. The analyzed materials included spent coffee grounds, orange peel, rosehip, milk thistle, eucalyptus leaves, and chili pepper. UV spectrophotometric analysis (190–400 nm) was used to compare the absorption profiles of the obtained extracts and to evaluate the effect of extraction conditions on spectral features. The results showed that both solvent type and extraction technique significantly influenced the intensity and shape of the absorption spectra. Ethanol generally resulted in higher absorbance values and more defined spectral features in the 250–350 nm region, while aqueous extracts exhibited stronger absorption in the lower UV range. Overall, UV spectroscopy proved to be a rapid and effective screening tool for evaluating extraction performance and comparing spectral characteristics of complex plant extracts, supporting the valorization of agro-industrial waste. Total phenolic content (TPC) was additionally determined to support the evaluation of extraction efficiency.

This study investigated how congruence between pictogram complexity and typographic complexity influences visual processing and perceived appropriateness in multimodal communication. Drawing on theories of visual communication, legibility and aesthetic perception, the study examined whether simple or complex pictograms harmonise more effectively with sans-serif or serif typefaces. Ninety participants viewed stimuli from three thematic categories (cobbler, herbal pharmacy and gluten-free restaurant), while their eye movements were recorded using a Tobii Pro Fusion eye-tracking device. Measures included reading time, fixation count and saccade count, together with subjective evaluations of pictogram–typeface suitability. The results show that reading time was the most sensitive indicator of formal congruence. In the cobbler and gluten-free restaurant categories, simple pictograms increased reading time with sans-serif typography but decreased it with serif typography. In the herbal pharmacy category, simple pictograms and sans-serif typography independently supported faster reading performance. Subjective evaluations showed no significant differences between combinations, indicating that participants perceived all pairings as similarly appropriate despite measurable differences in processing efficiency. The findings suggest that the effectiveness of pictogram–typeface combinations depends on both formal complexity and thematic context. Eye-tracking proved valuable for revealing subtle cognitive processing differences not reflected in subjective judgements.