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Nobumitsu Hirai
National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Shiroko-cho, Suzuka, Mie 510-0294, Japan

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Journal article
Published: 22 September 2020 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Steelmaking slags are a promising resource as artificial seaweed beds for the reconstitution of marine environments. To grow seaweed well, the formation of biofilms is an essential process in biofouling. This study focused on the formation of initial biofilms on steelmaking slag samples and analyzed the resulting bacterial communities using the next-generation sequencing technique. Three types of steelmaking slag were submerged in an area of Ise Bay in Mie Prefecture, Japan, for 3 and 7 days in the summer and winter seasons to allow the formation of biofilms. The bacterial communities of these biofilms were richer in sulfur-oxidizing bacteria compared to the biofilms formed on polyurethane sponges. It was found that Helicobacteraceae dominantly grew on the biofilms formed on the slag samples. This shows that steelmaking slags have potential to be used as artificial seaweed beds and marine water purifiers.

ACS Style

Akiko Ogawa; Reiji Tanaka; Nobumitsu Hirai; Tatsuki Ochiai; Ruu Ohashi; Karin Fujimoto; Yuka Akatsuka; Masanori Suzuki. Investigation of Biofilms Formed on Steelmaking Slags in Marine Environments for Water Depuration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 6945 .

AMA Style

Akiko Ogawa, Reiji Tanaka, Nobumitsu Hirai, Tatsuki Ochiai, Ruu Ohashi, Karin Fujimoto, Yuka Akatsuka, Masanori Suzuki. Investigation of Biofilms Formed on Steelmaking Slags in Marine Environments for Water Depuration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (18):6945.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akiko Ogawa; Reiji Tanaka; Nobumitsu Hirai; Tatsuki Ochiai; Ruu Ohashi; Karin Fujimoto; Yuka Akatsuka; Masanori Suzuki. 2020. "Investigation of Biofilms Formed on Steelmaking Slags in Marine Environments for Water Depuration." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18: 6945.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2020 in Materials
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In this study, we examined the relationship between the effect of a zinc coating on protecting carbon steel against biofilm formation in both air and water environments. SS400 carbon steel coupons were covered with a zinc thermal spray coating or copper thermal spray coating. Coated coupons were exposed to either air or water conditions. Following exposure, the surface conditions of each coupon were observed using optical microscopy, and quantitatively analyzed using an x-ray fluorescence analyzer. Debris on the surface of the coupons was used for biofilm analysis including crystal violet staining for quantification, Raman spectroscopic analysis for qualification, and microbiome analysis. The results showed that the zinc thermal spray coating significantly inhibited iron corrosion as well as biofilm formation in both air and water environments. The copper thermal spray coating, however, accelerated iron corrosion in both air and water environments, but accelerated biofilm formation only in a water environment. microbially-influenced-corrosion-related bacteria were barely detected on any coupons, whereas biofilms were detected on all coupons. To summarize these results, electrochemical corrosion is dominant in an air environment and microbially influenced corrosion is strongly involved in water corrosion. Additionally, biofilm formation plays a crucial rule in carbon steel corrosion in both air and water, even though microbially-influenced-corrosion-related bacteria are barely involved in this corrosion.

ACS Style

Akiko Ogawa; Keito Takakura; Nobumitsu Hirai; Hideyuki Kanematsu; Daisuke Kuroda; Takeshi Kougo; Katsuhiko Sano; Satoshi Terada. Biofilm Formation Plays a Crucial Rule in the Initial Step of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Air and Water Environments. Materials 2020, 13, 923 .

AMA Style

Akiko Ogawa, Keito Takakura, Nobumitsu Hirai, Hideyuki Kanematsu, Daisuke Kuroda, Takeshi Kougo, Katsuhiko Sano, Satoshi Terada. Biofilm Formation Plays a Crucial Rule in the Initial Step of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Air and Water Environments. Materials. 2020; 13 (4):923.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akiko Ogawa; Keito Takakura; Nobumitsu Hirai; Hideyuki Kanematsu; Daisuke Kuroda; Takeshi Kougo; Katsuhiko Sano; Satoshi Terada. 2020. "Biofilm Formation Plays a Crucial Rule in the Initial Step of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Air and Water Environments." Materials 13, no. 4: 923.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2018 in Coatings
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N,N-diethyl-N-(2-methancryloylethy)-N-methylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide polymer (DEMM-TFSI) brush coated specimens (substrate: glasses) and a liquid ion type of polymer brush coating were investigated for their antifouling effect on biofilms. Biofilms were produced by two kinds of bacteria, E. coli and S. epidermidis. They were formed on specimens immersed into wells (of 12-well plates) that were filled with culture liquids and bacteria. The biofilm formation was observed. Also, brush coated specimens and glass substrates were investigated in the same way. DEMM polymer brush coated specimens formed more biofilm than PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) polymer brush coated specimens and glass substrates. A greater amount of polarized components of biofilms was also observed for DEMM polymer brush coated specimens. The polar characteristics could be attributed to the attraction capability of bacteria and biofilms on DEMM polymer brush coated specimens. When considering the ease of removing biofilms by washing it with water, the ionic liquid type polymer brush (coated specimens) could be used for antifouling applications. If an initial antifouling application is needed, then the polar characteristics could be adjusted (design of the components and concentrations of ionic liquids, etc.) to solve the problem.

ACS Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Atsuya Oizumi; Takaya Sato; Toshio Kamijo; Saika Honma; Dana M. Barry; Nobumitsu Hirai; Akiko Ogawa; Takeshi Kogo; Daisuke Kuroda; Katsuhiko Sano; Katsuhiko Tsunashima; Seung-Hyo Lee; Myeong-Hoon Lee. Biofilm Formation of a Polymer Brush Coating with Ionic Liquids Compared to a Polymer Brush Coating with a Non-Ionic Liquid. Coatings 2018, 8, 398 .

AMA Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu, Atsuya Oizumi, Takaya Sato, Toshio Kamijo, Saika Honma, Dana M. Barry, Nobumitsu Hirai, Akiko Ogawa, Takeshi Kogo, Daisuke Kuroda, Katsuhiko Sano, Katsuhiko Tsunashima, Seung-Hyo Lee, Myeong-Hoon Lee. Biofilm Formation of a Polymer Brush Coating with Ionic Liquids Compared to a Polymer Brush Coating with a Non-Ionic Liquid. Coatings. 2018; 8 (11):398.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Atsuya Oizumi; Takaya Sato; Toshio Kamijo; Saika Honma; Dana M. Barry; Nobumitsu Hirai; Akiko Ogawa; Takeshi Kogo; Daisuke Kuroda; Katsuhiko Sano; Katsuhiko Tsunashima; Seung-Hyo Lee; Myeong-Hoon Lee. 2018. "Biofilm Formation of a Polymer Brush Coating with Ionic Liquids Compared to a Polymer Brush Coating with a Non-Ionic Liquid." Coatings 8, no. 11: 398.

Book chapter
Published: 01 October 2018 in Processing of High Temperature Superconductors
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This chapter focuses on E‐coli and examines the biofilm formation behavior on surfaces of titanium alloys using the own unique laboratory biofilm reactors. The evaluation of biofilms was carried out by the combination of optical microscope, Raman spectroscopy, and staining by crystal violet in an experiment. Specimens were placed on the observation stage and photos were taken at many different places around the focal point. Then all of the photos were integrated into a 2D map. Typical surface profiles show bumpy surfaces in micrometer orders or more. Concave‐convex profiles of biofilms are shown in terms of color differences. The red color sections correspond to convex portions and blue colors to concave ones for the apparatus used in the experiment. The surface organic matters, corresponding to the organic constituents (EPS), were analyzed and representative peaks for polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids were obtained.

ACS Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Shun Kanesaki; Hikonaru Kudara; Dana M. Barry; Akiko Ogawa; Takeshi Kougo; Daisuke Kuroda; Nobumitsu Hirai; Hajime Ikegai; Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. Biofilm Formation on Titanium Alloy Surfaces in a Laboratory Biofilm Reactor. Processing of High Temperature Superconductors 2018, 219 -228.

AMA Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu, Shun Kanesaki, Hikonaru Kudara, Dana M. Barry, Akiko Ogawa, Takeshi Kougo, Daisuke Kuroda, Nobumitsu Hirai, Hajime Ikegai, Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. Biofilm Formation on Titanium Alloy Surfaces in a Laboratory Biofilm Reactor. Processing of High Temperature Superconductors. 2018; ():219-228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Shun Kanesaki; Hikonaru Kudara; Dana M. Barry; Akiko Ogawa; Takeshi Kougo; Daisuke Kuroda; Nobumitsu Hirai; Hajime Ikegai; Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. 2018. "Biofilm Formation on Titanium Alloy Surfaces in a Laboratory Biofilm Reactor." Processing of High Temperature Superconductors , no. : 219-228.

Book chapter
Published: 01 October 2018 in Processing of High Temperature Superconductors
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This chapter focuses on the correlation between applied elastic waves and biofilm formation in a circulating type of laboratory biofilm reactor (LBR). Several metallic specimens were inserted into the LBR and elastic waves were applied to them for a certain period of time in an experiment. The other method of measurement was the staining test using crystal violet agents. This chemical can stain bacteria themselves and also EPS. Specimens were immersed in 0.1% crystal violet solutions for 30 minutes. The intermediate colors refer to heights between the highest and lowest and they change according to the height. The slight sea‐island patterns were observed when the ultrasonic waves were applied. Since the optical microscopic observation was a local measurement, the results suggest that biofilm still formed at some places on the aluminum surface. Chromium plated specimens were not affected by sonic waves. The extent of violet colors did not change in the case with and without sonic waves. The same tendency was also observed for the glass specimens.

ACS Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Shogo Maeda; Dana M. Barry; Senshin Umeki; Kazuyuki Tohji; Nobumitsu Hirai; Akiko Ogawa; Takeshi Kogo; Hajime Ikegai; Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. Effects of Elastic Waves at Several Frequencies on Biofilm Formation in Circulating Types of Laboratory Biofilm Reactors. Processing of High Temperature Superconductors 2018, 43 -51.

AMA Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu, Shogo Maeda, Dana M. Barry, Senshin Umeki, Kazuyuki Tohji, Nobumitsu Hirai, Akiko Ogawa, Takeshi Kogo, Hajime Ikegai, Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. Effects of Elastic Waves at Several Frequencies on Biofilm Formation in Circulating Types of Laboratory Biofilm Reactors. Processing of High Temperature Superconductors. 2018; ():43-51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Shogo Maeda; Dana M. Barry; Senshin Umeki; Kazuyuki Tohji; Nobumitsu Hirai; Akiko Ogawa; Takeshi Kogo; Hajime Ikegai; Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. 2018. "Effects of Elastic Waves at Several Frequencies on Biofilm Formation in Circulating Types of Laboratory Biofilm Reactors." Processing of High Temperature Superconductors , no. : 43-51.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2018 in ECS Transactions
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A type of polymer brush, made from an ionic liquid, was prepared and used to investigate the behavior and tendency of biofilm formation. The polymer brush specimens were immersed into the wells of microtiter plates filled with culture liquids containing bacteria. Two different combinations of bacteria and liquid cultures were used for this experiment. One was LB liquid medium with E-coli and the other was Heart Infusion liquid medium with S.epidermidis. After the specimens were immersed for a certain amount of time, they were removed from the test wells and evaluated for biofilm formation. The evaluation methods used were Raman Spectroscopy and crystal violet staining. Polymer brush specimens generally showed biofilm formations for specimens tested in both bacterial cases. However, both of these biofilms could be removed, when the specimens were immersed in water for a couple of hours. Probably the use of special polymer brushes will be valuable in the future, for controlling biofilm and related contaminants on a variety of materials and components.

ACS Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Atsuya Oizumi; Takaya Sato; Toshio Kamijo; Saika Honma; Dana M. Barry; Nobumitsu Hirai; Akiko Ogawa; Takeshi Kogo; Daisuke Kuroda; Katsuhiko Tsunashima. Polymer Brush Made by Ionic Liquids and the Inhibition Effects for Biofilm Formation. ECS Transactions 2018, 85, 1089 -1095.

AMA Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu, Atsuya Oizumi, Takaya Sato, Toshio Kamijo, Saika Honma, Dana M. Barry, Nobumitsu Hirai, Akiko Ogawa, Takeshi Kogo, Daisuke Kuroda, Katsuhiko Tsunashima. Polymer Brush Made by Ionic Liquids and the Inhibition Effects for Biofilm Formation. ECS Transactions. 2018; 85 (13):1089-1095.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Atsuya Oizumi; Takaya Sato; Toshio Kamijo; Saika Honma; Dana M. Barry; Nobumitsu Hirai; Akiko Ogawa; Takeshi Kogo; Daisuke Kuroda; Katsuhiko Tsunashima. 2018. "Polymer Brush Made by Ionic Liquids and the Inhibition Effects for Biofilm Formation." ECS Transactions 85, no. 13: 1089-1095.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2018 in ECS Transactions
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Graphene is an advanced material. We confirmed in our previous paper that graphene is very sensitive to biofilm formation. Therefore, it may be utilized as a sensor for biofilm formation in the future. In this experiment, we used graphite and multi-layer graphene, which we obtained by repeating an exfoliation method. The biofilm formation was evaluated by crystal violet staining, Raman spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry in dilute sulfuric acid. The final technique was an adventurous trial. However, the method provided us with reasonable data, as compared with the results of the other two conventional methods.

ACS Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Kodai Shindo; Dana M. Barry; Nobumitsu Hirai; Akiko Ogawa; Daisuke Kuroda; Takeshi Kogo; Katsuhiko Sano; Hajime Ikegai; Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. Electrochemical Responses of Graphene with Biofilm Formation on Various Metallic Substrates by Using Laboratory Biofilm Reactors. ECS Transactions 2018, 85, 491 -498.

AMA Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu, Kodai Shindo, Dana M. Barry, Nobumitsu Hirai, Akiko Ogawa, Daisuke Kuroda, Takeshi Kogo, Katsuhiko Sano, Hajime Ikegai, Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. Electrochemical Responses of Graphene with Biofilm Formation on Various Metallic Substrates by Using Laboratory Biofilm Reactors. ECS Transactions. 2018; 85 (13):491-498.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Kodai Shindo; Dana M. Barry; Nobumitsu Hirai; Akiko Ogawa; Daisuke Kuroda; Takeshi Kogo; Katsuhiko Sano; Hajime Ikegai; Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. 2018. "Electrochemical Responses of Graphene with Biofilm Formation on Various Metallic Substrates by Using Laboratory Biofilm Reactors." ECS Transactions 85, no. 13: 491-498.

Journal article
Published: 25 October 2017 in ECS Transactions
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The formation of biofilm on graphene materials was investigated in this study. Two kinds of laboratory biofilm reactors were used to produce biofilms artificially on glass specimens (on the laboratory scale). One of them was a loop-type and the biofilms were measured by Raman spectroscopy. The other one was the static immersion test in a culture containing bacteria. The biofilm formation was evaluated by using crystal violet. We expected that the graphene would have a strong resistance against biofilm formation. However, on the contrary, graphene tended to become more sensitive to biofilm formation when the portion of graphene increased. When we come to think about the future application for graphene, it should not be used for biomaterials, but as sensor for infectious diseases.

ACS Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; M Sato; Kodai Shindo; Dana M. Barry; Nobumitsu Hirai; Akiko Ogawa; Takeshi Kogo; Yuichi Utsumi; Akinobu Yamaguchi; Hajime Ikegai; Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. Biofilm Formation Behaviors on Graphene byE. coliandS. epidermidis. ECS Transactions 2017, 80, 1167 -1175.

AMA Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu, M Sato, Kodai Shindo, Dana M. Barry, Nobumitsu Hirai, Akiko Ogawa, Takeshi Kogo, Yuichi Utsumi, Akinobu Yamaguchi, Hajime Ikegai, Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. Biofilm Formation Behaviors on Graphene byE. coliandS. epidermidis. ECS Transactions. 2017; 80 (10):1167-1175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; M Sato; Kodai Shindo; Dana M. Barry; Nobumitsu Hirai; Akiko Ogawa; Takeshi Kogo; Yuichi Utsumi; Akinobu Yamaguchi; Hajime Ikegai; Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. 2017. "Biofilm Formation Behaviors on Graphene byE. coliandS. epidermidis." ECS Transactions 80, no. 10: 1167-1175.

Journal article
Published: 25 October 2017 in ECS Transactions
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Biofilm formation was carried out using low concentrations of ionic liquid (IL) to investigate the potential control of biofilm formation with IL. A 2000ml reservoir was filled with tap water with/without a low concentration of ionic liquid in aqueous solution. The apparatus (Laboratory Biofilm Reactor: LBR) was a loop type Laboratory Biofilm Reactor (LBR) composed of an acrylic pump and a bottom tank. A pump circulated the water in the loop system of the laboratory biofilm reactor (LBR). The glass specimens were immersed in the LBR with/without a low concentration of ionic liquid in aqueous solution for 2 or 7days. They were observed and evaluated by using Crystal Violet, a 3D optical microscope and a Raman spectrometer to determine their biofilm behavior. The results were discussed from the viewpoint of a cooling pipe system simulation. We found out and confirmed that the formation of biofilm was controlled when a low concentration of aqueous solution of ionic liquids was circulated.

ACS Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Tatsuki Saito; Dana M. Barry; Nobumitsu Hirai; Takeshi Kogo; Akiko Ogawa; Katsuhiko Tsunashima. Effects of Ionic Liquids on Biofilm Formation in a Loop-Type Laboratory Biofilm Reactor. ECS Transactions 2017, 80, 1147 -1155.

AMA Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu, Tatsuki Saito, Dana M. Barry, Nobumitsu Hirai, Takeshi Kogo, Akiko Ogawa, Katsuhiko Tsunashima. Effects of Ionic Liquids on Biofilm Formation in a Loop-Type Laboratory Biofilm Reactor. ECS Transactions. 2017; 80 (10):1147-1155.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Tatsuki Saito; Dana M. Barry; Nobumitsu Hirai; Takeshi Kogo; Akiko Ogawa; Katsuhiko Tsunashima. 2017. "Effects of Ionic Liquids on Biofilm Formation in a Loop-Type Laboratory Biofilm Reactor." ECS Transactions 80, no. 10: 1147-1155.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2016 in Materials
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A laboratory biofilm reactor (LBR) was modified to a new loop-type closed system in order to evaluate novel stents and catheter materials using 3D optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Two metallic specimens, pure nickel and cupronickel (80% Cu-20% Ni), along with two polymers, silicone and polyurethane, were chosen as examples to ratify the system. Each set of specimens was assigned to the LBR using either tap water or an NB (Nutrient broth based on peptone from animal foods and beef extract mainly)—cultured solution with E-coli formed over 48–72 h. The specimens were then analyzed using Raman Spectroscopy. 3D optical microscopy was employed to corroborate the Raman Spectroscopy results for only the metallic specimens since the inherent roughness of the polymer specimens made such measurements difficult. The findings suggest that the closed loop-type LBR together with Raman spectroscopy analysis is a useful method for evaluating biomaterials as a potential urinary system.

ACS Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Hikonaru Kudara; Shun Kanesaki; Takeshi Kogo; Hajime Ikegai; Akiko Ogawa; Nobumitsu Hirai. Application of a Loop-Type Laboratory Biofilm Reactor to the Evaluation of Biofilm for Some Metallic Materials and Polymers such as Urinary Stents and Catheters. Materials 2016, 9, 824 .

AMA Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu, Hikonaru Kudara, Shun Kanesaki, Takeshi Kogo, Hajime Ikegai, Akiko Ogawa, Nobumitsu Hirai. Application of a Loop-Type Laboratory Biofilm Reactor to the Evaluation of Biofilm for Some Metallic Materials and Polymers such as Urinary Stents and Catheters. Materials. 2016; 9 (10):824.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hideyuki Kanematsu; Hikonaru Kudara; Shun Kanesaki; Takeshi Kogo; Hajime Ikegai; Akiko Ogawa; Nobumitsu Hirai. 2016. "Application of a Loop-Type Laboratory Biofilm Reactor to the Evaluation of Biofilm for Some Metallic Materials and Polymers such as Urinary Stents and Catheters." Materials 9, no. 10: 824.

Book chapter
Published: 20 April 2016 in Corrosion Control and Surface Finishing
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Surface analyses have been one of the key technologies for corrosion control and surface finishing. It is very important that the most appropriate apparatus for the purpose of the analyses should be selected from various analytical techniques. In this chapter, surface analytical methods for corrosion control and surface finishing, such as X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and so on, are briefly introduced.

ACS Style

Nobumitsu Hirai. Surface Analysis. Corrosion Control and Surface Finishing 2016, 47 -56.

AMA Style

Nobumitsu Hirai. Surface Analysis. Corrosion Control and Surface Finishing. 2016; ():47-56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nobumitsu Hirai. 2016. "Surface Analysis." Corrosion Control and Surface Finishing , no. : 47-56.

Book chapter
Published: 10 April 2015 in Biofilm and Materials Science
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Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are one of the fuel cells which use the biological function of microorganisms. Biofilm formed on the electrodes of an MFC may affect the performance of the MFC. In this chapter there is a brief explanation of the principle of a fuel cell. Further, various kinds of MFCs are introduced.

ACS Style

Nobumitsu Hirai. Energy Problems—Fuel Cell. Biofilm and Materials Science 2015, 125 -133.

AMA Style

Nobumitsu Hirai. Energy Problems—Fuel Cell. Biofilm and Materials Science. 2015; ():125-133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nobumitsu Hirai. 2015. "Energy Problems—Fuel Cell." Biofilm and Materials Science , no. : 125-133.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2014 in Materials Technology
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Biofilms formed on various plastics (vinyl chloride, silicone resin, Nylon 66, polycarbonate and polypropylene) have been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy (OM). A biofilm formation reactor (BFR) fabricated in our group was used for the biofilm formation on a laboratory scale. After biofilm formation for 4 days in BFR, the biofilm formed on silicone resin had a finely rugged surface, while that formed on vinyl chloride had only coarse ruggedness, suggesting that the surface texture of the biofilms depends on the kind of plastic on which they are formed. After biofilm formation for 4 weeks in BFR, both the root mean square roughness (Rq) and arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) were found to be dependent on the samples, in the order vinyl chloride>Nylon 66, polycarbonate>polypropylene.

ACS Style

N. Hirai; M. K. Mun; T. Masuda; H. Itoh; H. Kanematsu. Atomic force microscopy analysis of biofilms formed on different plastics. Materials Technology 2014, 30, B57 -B60.

AMA Style

N. Hirai, M. K. Mun, T. Masuda, H. Itoh, H. Kanematsu. Atomic force microscopy analysis of biofilms formed on different plastics. Materials Technology. 2014; 30 (sup5):B57-B60.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. Hirai; M. K. Mun; T. Masuda; H. Itoh; H. Kanematsu. 2014. "Atomic force microscopy analysis of biofilms formed on different plastics." Materials Technology 30, no. sup5: B57-B60.