Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in healthcare, including dental and periodontal diagnostics, due to its ability to analyze complex datasets with speed and precision. Backgrounds and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of AI-assisted dental–periodontal diagnoses compared to diagnoses made by senior specialists, specialists, and general dentists. Material and Methods: A comparative study was conducted involving 60 practitioners divided into three groups—general dentists, specialists, and senior specialists—along with an AI diagnostic system (Planmeca Romexis 6.4.7.software). Participants evaluated six high-quality panoramic radiographic images representing various dental and periodontal conditions. Diagnoses were compared against a reference “gold standard” validated by a dental imaging expert and senior clinician. A statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0, applying chi-square tests, ANOVA, and Bonferroni correction to ensure robust results. Results: AI’s consistency in identifying subtle conditions was comparable to that of senior specialists, while general dentists showed greater variability in their evaluations. The key findings revealed that AI and senior specialists consistently demonstrated the highest performance in detecting attachment loss and alveolar bone loss, with AI achieving a mean score of 6.12 in identifying teeth with attachment loss, compared to 5.43 for senior specialists, 4.58 for specialists, and 3.65 for general dentists. The ANOVA highlighted statistically significant differences between groups, particularly in the detection of attachment loss on the maxillary arch (F = 3.820, p = 0.014). Additionally, AI showed high consistency in detecting alveolar bone loss, with comparable performance to senior specialists. Conclusions: AI systems exhibit significant potential as reliable tools for dental and periodontal assessment, complementing the expertise of human practitioners. However, further validation in clinical settings is necessary to address limitations such as algorithmic bias and atypical cases. AI integration in dentistry can enhance diagnostic precision and patient outcomes while reducing variability in clinical assessments.

Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent mental health disorders often associated with dysregulation of neuroendocrine and immune systems, particularly the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic–adrenal–medullary (SAM) system. Recent research highlights the potential of salivary biomarkers to serve as non-invasive indicators for psychological distress. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on key salivary biomarkers, cortisol, alpha-amylase (sAA), secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), chromogranin A (CgA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and salivary microRNAs (miRNAs), in relation to anxiety, depression, and stress. A comprehensive literature search (2010–2025) was conducted using multiple databases and relevant MeSH terms. The review reveals consistent associations between these salivary analytes and stress-related disorders, reflecting changes in neuroendocrine activity, immune response, and neuroplasticity. Cortisol and sAA mirror acute stress reactivity, while cytokines and CRP indicate chronic inflammation. BDNF and miRNAs provide insight into neuroplastic dysfunction and gene regulation. Despite promising results, limitations such as variability in sampling methods and biomarker specificity remain. In conclusion, salivary biomarkers offer a promising avenue for early detection, monitoring, and personalization of treatment in mood and anxiety disorders. Conclusions: Cortisol and alpha-amylase serve as the principal markers of acute stress response, whereas cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, together with CRP, indicate chronic inflammation associated with extended emotional distress.

Background: Oral health plays a critical role in systemic wellbeing, with growing evidence supporting strong associations between oral conditions and cardiovascular disease (CVD). These connections extend beyond periodontal disease and involve oral microbiota imbalance, systemic inflammation, and oral side effects of cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. Objective: To explore these links, a narrative literature review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, covering studies published between 2000 and 2025. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect for studies published between January 2000 and May 2025. Both MeSH and free-text terms related to oral health, periodontal disease, systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis were used. Eligible studies included observational and interventional research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Key findings: The evidence consistently supports an association between chronic periodontal inflammation and cardiovascular risk, mediated by systemic dissemination of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP) and microbial products that promote endothelial activation and atherogenesis. Interventional data indicate that periodontal therapy may reduce systemic inflammatory burden and improve vascular parameters, though heterogeneity across studies limits causal inference. Conclusions: Current findings highlight a significant oral–systemic connection through inflammatory and endothelial mechanisms. Strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration between dental and cardiovascular care providers is essential to translate this evidence into preventive and therapeutic practice. Further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are required to confirm causality and guide clinical integration.

Three-dimensional porcine matrix-derived biomaterials have emerged as valuable tools in periodontal regeneration, offering structural stability, biocompatibility, and favorable cellular responses. This review summarizes their physicochemical characteristics, biological mechanisms, and clinical performance in guided tissue and bone regeneration. Comparative analyses show superior handling, integration potential, and regenerative predictability compared with collagen and synthetic scaffolds, especially in complex intrabony and furcation defects. Despite promising clinical outcomes, heterogeneity in processing techniques and limited long-term data still hinder standardization. Overall, porcine-derived scaffolds represent reliable and biologically active options for periodontal regeneration. Future innovation focusing on functionalization, cell integration, and patient-tailored design will define the next generation of predictable and biomimetic regenerative solutions.

Calcium phosphate-based materials are widely used in dental applications due to their bioactivity and compositional similarity to mineralized tissues. This narrative review synthesizes the peer-reviewed literature published between 2014 and 2024 identified using Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, with a specific focus on digitally manufactured calcium phosphate-based dental materials. This review integrates evidence on calcium phosphate phase chemistry and advanced material systems, material configurations compatible with digital workflows and digital manufacturing routes. Emphasis is placed on how fabrication parameters and post-processing—particularly thermal treatment and densification—affect phase composition, microstructure/porosity, mechanical performance, and biological behavior. The current limitations reported in the literature are addressed, including material brittleness, dimensional instability during sintering, heterogeneity of fabrication protocols, and the lack of standardized evaluation methods. The restricted availability of long-term and clinically relevant evidence is also discussed in relation to translational applications. Future research should prioritize well-designed clinical studies to validate the use of digitally manufactured calcium phosphate-based materials in guided bone regeneration, socket preservation, and implant-related procedures.

The integration of bioactive natural compounds into dental materials has gained increasing attention as a strategy to improve biological functionality while maintaining material performance. This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence regarding the main classes of natural compounds investigated in dental materials, their incorporation methods, and their influence on material properties. A literature-based narrative approach was conducted using major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on studies addressing natural compound incorporation into restorative, prosthetic, adhesive, cementitious, and hydrogel-based dental materials. The reviewed literature indicates that polyphenols, polysaccharides, proteins and peptides, terpenoids, and microbial- and marine-derived compounds have been incorporated using bulk modification, surface functionalization, coating systems, and hybrid material architectures. While these compounds may provide antimicrobial, antioxidant, and bioactive properties, they may also influence mechanical behavior, physicochemical stability, optical characteristics, surface properties, and release behavior, depending on compound chemistry, concentration, and incorporation strategy. The available evidence highlights the need for a balanced approach that considers both biological activity and material performance, as well as the importance of stability, standardization, and long-term clinical performance when integrating natural bioactive compounds into dental materials.