The toxicity of essential oils that can be used in insect pest management to pollinators needs further studies. Apis mellifera Linnaeus and Trigona hyalinata (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foragers were exposed by three pathways to ginger, mint, oregano and thyme essential oils to provide their LC_50, LD₅₀ and LC_90, LD₉₀. Oregano and thyme were more toxic through contact and topically for A. mellifera while the toxicity of mint and ginger was lower. Trigona hyalinata was more tolerant to the essential oils than A. mellifera. In the walking test, the area was treated (totally or partially) with sub-doses (LC₅₀) obtained via contact. The area fully treated with oregano reduced the distance traveled and the movement speed increased the number of stops by A. mellifera. Similar results were observed for T. hyalinata with oregano and thyme oils. Apis mellifera showed irritability remaining shorter time in the area partially treated with ginger, mint and thyme essential oils while T. hyalinata had similar behavior with ginger and thyme. Essential oils did not repel A. mellifera or T. hyalinata, but those of ginger, mint and thyme reduced the time spent by A. mellifera in areas treated with sublethal doses. Oregano and thyme essential oils reduced the survival, mainly, of A. mellifera, while ginger and mint were selective for both pollinators.

Summary Bedellia somnulentella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Bedelliidae) is a specialist Convolvulaceae pest. Its larvae damage host plants by mining young and mature leaves. This is the first report of B. somnulentella in the Brazilian territory. This pest was observed on young and mature Ipomoea batatas (L.) (Solanales: Convolvulaceae) leaves in Diamantina, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. This insect alters the leaf appearance due to its mines, changing the leaf color to yellowish-brown, which reduces the photosynthetic area. The presence of B. somnulentella in Brazil makes it necessary to include this insect in pest monitoring programs in sweet potato plantations. Sumario Bedellia somnulentella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Bedelliidae) es una plaga especialista de Convolvulaceae. Los daños a las plantas hospederas ocurren durante la fase larval, minando hojas jóvenes y maduras. Este articulo, es el primer reporte de B. sommulentella en territorio brasileño. Esta plaga fue observada en hojas jóvenes y maduras de Ipomoea patatas (L.) (Solanales: Convolvulaceae) en Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil. El insecto transforma las hojas com la presencia de minas que mudan el color de la hoja a marrón amarillenta, reduciendo el área fotosintética. La presencia de B. sommulentella en Brasil hace necesaria su inclusión en programas de monitoreo de plagas en cultivos de papa dulce.

Sensory structures (sensilla) of insects are present in high number in the antennae are important for perceiving environmental cues. Thus, sensilla play an important role in the localization, discrimination, and acceptance of a possible host by parasitoid insects. The sensilla, classified according to their shape, size, and distribution, may also show sexual dimorphism in insects. The types and distribution of antennal sensilla in female and male parasitoid Trichospilus pupivorus (Ferriere, 1930) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were evaluated. T. pupivorus females had longer antennae than males. Both males and females have ten sensilla types with higher abundance of placoid sensilla in females, which suggest a possible functional dimorphism.

The cultivation of sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas Lam (Solanales: Convolvulaceae), is important for food security (FAOSTAT BRAZIL, 2021 FAOSTAT BRAZIL; 2021 [viewed 15 July 2021]. Sweet potatoes, production quantity (tons). IOP Publishing Physics Web. Available from: https://www.factfish.com/statisticcountry/brazil/sweet%2520potatoes%2 C%2520production%2520quantity. https://www.factfish.com/statisticcountr... ). Roots and vines of sweet potato are food for humans and animals and industrial raw materials (Schoenherr et al., 2019 SCHOENHERR, A.P., RIZZO, E., JACKSON, N., MANOSALVA, P. and GOMEZ, S.K., 2019. Mycorrhiza-induced resistance in potato involves priming of defense responses against Cabbage looper (Noctuidae: lepidoptera). Environmental Entomology, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 370-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy195. PMid:30715218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy195... ). Sweet potato plants produce phytoalexins, latex and terpenoids with antibiosis effect, but insect pests can damage this plant (Santos et al., 2018a SANTOS, E.A.D., ANDRADE JÚNIOR, V.C.D., VIANA, D.J.S., SANTOS, A.A.D., SILVA, A.J.M.D. and FIALHO, C.M.T., 2018a. Sensitivity of sweet potato genotypes to clomazone and weed interference. Revista Caatinga, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 352-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n211rc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v... ). The leaf-mining microlepidoptera Bedellia somnulentella (Zeller, 1847) (Lepidoptera: Bedelliidae) is native to Eurasia and one of the main insect pests of the aerial part of sweet potato plants (Steyn et al., 2020 STEYN, L.A.I., GEERTSEMA, H., MALAN, A.P. and ADDISON, P., 2020. A review of leaf-mining insects and control options for their management, with special reference to Holocacista capensis (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae) in vineyards in South Africa. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 218-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.21548/41-2-4081. http://dx.doi.org/10.21548/41-2-4081... ; Santos et al., 2021 SANTOS, M.M., GOMES, G.N., PINTO, T.A.A., SILVA, I.M., LEITE, G.L.D. and SOARES, M.A., 2021. Geographic distribution of the Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae) pest, Bedellia somnulentella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Bedelliidae), in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, vol. 128, no. 2, pp. 617-621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41348-020-00390-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41348-020-003... ).

Intoxication by dispersion of glyphosate droplets in coffee seedlings is common and, in addition to the problem of drift, there are reports of contamination of this herbicide to a nontarget plant via the rhizosphere. Hydroponics allows the comparison of the translocation of the glyphosate absorbed by the foliage or the roots and avoids the interaction with the soil, which could hamper the achievement of more accurate conclusions when it is absorbed by the root. Thus, the toxicity of glyphosate sublethal dosages in the initial growth of coffee plants in hydroponics was evaluated by applying four sublethal dosages in two different locations (solution and leaf). Fifty days after the application of the herbicide, the intoxication percentage and the growth of the coffee seedlings were evaluated. From the reduced dose of 115.2 g·ha-1 of glyphosate, height reductions, root length; number of leaves, dry mass of leaf, roots and total, leaf area, and leaf mass ratio were observed. The first two parameters were observed only in leaf application and the others via leaf and solution. The aerial part–root ratio system had an increase in herbicide sublethal dosages when applied to leaves and the ratio of leaf area and specific leaf area increased in both applications. Sublethal dosages of glyphosate applied to young coffee plants under hydroponic conditions impair their growth, and it is more accentuated with increasing doses and when the leaves, instead of the roots, absorb the herbicide.