Milk is susceptible to Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination, mainly through consumption of contaminated animal's feed. The natural occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFB1) has been surveyed in samples of milk and milk powder. Samples collected from different regions of Saudi Arabia during the period from 2013 to 2021 were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, and (AFB1) was quantified with detection limits of 0.5 µg/kg. The Saudi Food and Drug Authority has taken strong actions to limit AFM1 contamination, increase aflatoxin control, and modify the regulations. A study analyzed 363 randomly collected milk samples (168 milk, 195 milk powder) from Saudi Arabia using LC-MS/MS. Out of the 363 samples, 20 were positive for AFM1, with 343 were within the limits. One out of the 168 milk samples and 19 out of the 195 milk powder samples exceeded the limits, with seven originating from Saudi Arabia. The highest AFM1 concentration (3.97 µg/kg) was found in the Saudi samples. Saudi Arabia's mycotoxin regulations significantly reduced AFM1 contamination in milk, which is not considered a serious health hazard.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to assess the consumption of caffeinated beverages and the associated caffeine intake among Saudi adults, alongside a quantitative risk assessment using the hazard quotient (HQ) approach. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, utilizing a validated Arabic Beverage Frequency Questionnaire to collect data on beverage consumption patterns. The participants reported the type, frequency, and quantity of caffeinated beverages consumed. We also calculated caffeine intake and assessed the associated health risks. Data were collected from 4367 participants across 13 regions in Saudi Arabia. Results: This study involved adult participants (18–65 years), with 45% females and 55% males. The mean age of the participants is 35 years. The participants reported the type, frequency, and quantity of caffeinated beverages consumed through a self-reported online survey. The most commonly consumed caffeinated beverages were Saudi coffee (79%), soft drinks (75%), and sweetened tea (69.3%). The highest consumption was observed in the 30–44 age group. The mean daily caffeine intake was 131 ± 1.4 mg/day (145 ± 2.3 mg/day for males, 120 ± 1.8 mg/day for females). Although female participants consumed more beverages, male participants had higher caffeine intake (p = 0.000). The mean HQ for caffeine exposure was 0.32, with a 95th percentile of 0.33, indicating no significant risk. Pregnant and lactating women’s caffeine intake also remained within safe limits. Conclusions: The average caffeine intake among Saudis is below 400 mg/day, suggesting no immediate health concerns. However, public health initiatives should focus on educating specific population groups about the safe limits of caffeine consumption.