Morphogenetic factors (MTFs) are specialized plant genes and transcription factors that play pivotal roles in embryogenesis and organogenesis. This review focuses on their functions in plant development regulation and their applications in plant biotechnology and modern breeding. Common challenges in transformation and regeneration were discussed, along with successful case studies demonstrating improved regeneration capacity and transgene stability in rice (Oryza sativa), soybean (Glycine max), rapeseed (Brassica napus), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other less common crops and plant model organisms. These improvements were achieved through the utilization of key developmental MTFs such as WUCHEL, BABY BOOM, GRF-GIF, etc. The principles of designing genetic constructs with MTFs are explored, including promoter selection and regulatory elements, as well as their synergistic effects with phytohormones like auxins and cytokinins for optimizing in vitro morphogenesis. Current limitations in MTF expression and strategies to overcome them are analyzed. The article highlights recent advances, including MTFs potential for developing stress-resistant, high-yielding cultivars. Key discussion points include the discovery of novel morphogens, their application to recalcitrant species, and prospects for expanding the range of easily transformable and regenerable crops. Future directions involve developing universal transformation protocols and integrating morphogens with precision genome editing technologies, offering new opportunities for agriculture and global food security.

Micropropagation is an effective way to preserve the gene pool of threatened plants. This study is devoted to the mathematical modeling of nutrient media and the study of the effect of mT (meta-topoline) on the multiplication of shoots of Hedysarum grandiflorum, Hyssopus cretaceus, and Matthiola fragrans in vitro in comparison with benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (KT). Initiation was performed on an MS medium with 0.5 mg/L BAP. For shoots multiplication, MS, B5, and WPM media were used with the addition of mT, BAP, KT. For H. grandiflorum, the multiplication coefficient of shoots was highest on medium B5 with the addition of mT at a concentration of 1 mg/L—2.90 shoots per plant, for H. cretaceus—B5 + 0.5 mg/L mT, and for M. fragrans—B5 + 1 mg/L KT. A positive effect of mT on H. grandiflorum and M. fragrans in vitro was found. The efficiency of using KT for H. cretaceus shoot multiplication is shown. The effectiveness of the B5 nutrient medium for H. grandiflorum and M. fragrans was determined. The positive effect of WPM for H. cretaceus micropropagation has been demonstrated. It is not recommended to use the MS media for micropropagation of these plant species.

The article presents the results of the monitoring research of Hedysarum grandiflorum Lower Don basin populations (Rostov Region). Eight new populations of the species are revealed in the region, their habitat conditions are described. Quantitative characters of populations studied and coenotic role of H. grandiflorum are lower than it is observed in optimal conditions. In relation to their ontogenetic structure, the populations are normal, mostly incomplete, having right-sided or centered ontogenetic spectrum. According to delta-omega classification, they belong to mature and ripening; according to replacement index, most of them are unstable or rarely perspective. The principal limiting factors in populations observed are an anthropogenic impact, mainly grazing, and partially discordance between climatic conditions of the region and ecologic requirements of the plant species. H. grandiflorum coenopopulations of the Aksay District are characterized by extremely low number and proportion of the viable seeds per fruit because of seed developmental disorder. Actual seed productivity values vary significantly between years that may condition fluctuations of total seed productivity per individual plant and cause an irregular renewal by seed. In years good for seed maturing, seed productivity of H. grandiflorum may be considered satisfactory.

Hedysarum cretaceum Fisch is a critically endangered herbaceous species with high ornamental and phytomeliorative properties; thus, it needs urgent conservation and protection methods to conserve. In the present study, an efficient method for microtonal propagation of H. cretaceum is developed. The seed sterilization was optimized as treatment with 96% alcohol (2 min) and burned (1 sec) through a burner flame. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with the addition of 0.5 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (shoots per explant – 18.0) and 1.0 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (shoots per explant – 18.4) for the shoot and ⅓ MS supplemented with 0.1 mg/L IAA (rooting indicator – 62%) for roots were identified best composition for the proliferation and regeneration. Additionally, the medium for maintaining callus culture was determined – DKW with the addition of 2.5 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L IAA, the possibility of direct organogenesis in vitro in the studied plant was also standardized. In addition, seed germination after various pre-sowing treatments was studied. It is shown that scarification makes achieving 80% germination of seeds possible. Also, sulfuric acid was used as a pre-sowing seed treatment, germination was 45%. Thus, using the protocols we developed, it is possible to maintain the H. cretaceum culture in vitro and increase seed germination using pre-sowing treatment.

Oxalis L. is a large genus of flowering plants, rich in representatives with diverse life forms and adapted to a wide range of ecological conditions. Many Oxalis species are invasive and weedy plants and also have practical applications in medicine, landscaping, and cooking. This article attempts provide a brief review of the available data on the study of Oxalis diversity, mostly in the works of Russian researchers. The authors have found a lack of clear consistency between information on Oxalis species diversity in Russia in domestic literary sources, existing herbarium specimens from the Moscow State University herbarium (MW) and data from the iNaturalist database. According to the literature, the genus Oxalis is represented in Russia by the following species: O. acetosella L., O. corniculata L., O. debilis Kunth, O. dillenii Jacq., O. latifolia Kunth, O. obtriangulata Maxim., O. stricta L., O. tetraphylla Cav., O. violacea L. The frequent occurrence of the synonymous genera Xanthoxalis Small and Jonoxalis Small in the literature has been noted. Herbarium specimens indicate the presence of the species O. articulata Savigny in Russia, but the absence of O. latifolia. According to the iNaturalist database, the genus Oxalis is represented in Russia by the following species: O. acetosella, O. articulata, O. corniculata, O. debilis, O. dillenii, O. latifolia, O. obtriangulata, O. stricta, O. tetraphylla. The analysis of the cited sources shows the uncertainty of the degree of distribution in Russia of such species as O. corniculata, O. dillenii and O. stricta and indicates the need to verify the locations of O. articulata, O. debilis, O. latifolia, O. tetraphylla, O. violacea. It also confirms the aboriginality of O. acetosella and O. obtriangulata in Russia. Further study of these issues will shine a spotlight on the species diversity of Oxalis in Russia, including the prevalence of invasive species: O. articulata, O. corniculata, O. dillenii, O. stricta.

журнал Живые и биокосные системы Методика расчёта средней ожидаемой гетерозиготности ценопопуляций Quercus robur L. (Fagaceae) из разных экотопов