The present study is aimed at analyzing the effects of peer tutoring on the academic achievement of students in the subject of biology at secondary level. The objectives of the study were: (1) To find out the effects of peer tutoring on the academic achievement of students in the subject of biology; and (2) To examine the effects of peer tutoring with respect to knowledge, comprehension and application levels in cognitive domain of Bloom Taxonomy. All 433,405 male students at secondary level of 10th grade of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were the population of the study. Forty students were taken as the sample of the study from the Allied National Software Institute (ANSI) Mardan. The Posttest-Only Equivalent Group Design was used. The data collected from pretest and posttest were analyzed through an independent sample t-test. It was found that the mean score of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group. It was concluded that peer tutoring enhanced the academic achievement of students in the experimental group significantly as compared to the control group; hence, it was an effective method of instruction for teaching biology at secondary level. It was suggested that peer tutoring may be incorporated along with other teaching methodologies for the subject of biology and it may be given due consideration in all teacher education practices in the country.

Pakistan's industrial growth over the past thirty years has weakened the country's ability to govern its environment, resulting in severe air, water, and soil pollution and ranking Pakistan at the bottom of global sustainability indices. This study critically assesses Pakistan's environmental protection policies, laws, and institutional practices, with a focus on pollution from the textile, leather, and cement industries. Using a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory approach, the analysis combines data from legal texts (such as PEPA 1997 and post-devolution provincial laws), audit reports at both federal and provincial levels, Environmental Impact Assessment records, tribunal decisions, and 32 semi-structured interviews with regulators, industry representatives, lawyers, and NGOs. Two industrial clusters—Kasur's tanneries and Faisalabad's textile zone—are examined as case studies for enforcement and compliance at the ground level. Comparing practices with those of China, India, and the European Union highlights best practices such as satellite-enabled real-time emission monitoring, Extended Producer Responsibility, and citizen-led public interest litigation.Findings reveal four systemic deficits: (1) ambiguous legal provisions and inconsistent provincial harmonization; (2) chronically underfunded Environmental Protection Agencies lacking accredited laboratories, digital monitoring tools, and enforcement autonomy; (3) weak judicial deterrence due to slow tribunal processes and minimal penalties; and (4) widespread non-compliance among small and medium-sized enterprises, worsened by political patronage and limited public transparency. Consequently, untreated industrial emissions and particulate matter regularly exceed WHO limits, causing significant damage to public health and ecosystems.The study recommends a series of reforms: statutory amendments that establish strict, time-bound emission limits and give EPAs fiscal and operational independence; deployment of IoT-connected stack and emission sensors integrated with satellite data for continuous Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV); fiscal incentives and green-certification schemes to promote cleaner production technologies; and institutionalized public-participation mechanisms to boost accountability. Implementing these measures is crucial for closing Pakistan's enforcement gap, reducing industrial pollution, and aligning national development with Sustainable Development Goals and Paris Agreement commitments.

This study critically examines strategies 4.1 and 4.2 of KP Climate Change Action Plan 2022, aim to integrate climate resilience into urban planning & reduce climate-induced rural-to-urban migration. Rapid urban expansion in KP especially in Peshawar, has resulted in land degradation, increased carbon emissions, and heightened vulnerability to climate-related hazards. Using the qualitative methodology and thematic content analysis of policy documents, literature, and planning frameworks, this study identifies key challenges impeding the implementation of these strategies. The analysis shows that despite strong policy intent, practical gaps, like poor regulatory enforcement, under-resourced planning bodies and absence of performance monitoring systems undermine the operationalization of both strategies. The findings indicate that aligning spatial planning with climate adaptation requires multi-scalar, inclusive governance model supported by reliable data, stakeholder engagement and sustainable financing. It recommends capacity building, using climate-risk data in planning, strengthening public -private partnership, engaging community & establishing robust monitoring & evaluation systems as pathways to promote climate-resilient & equitable urban development in KP.

Peshawar, a rapidly urbanizing city in northwestern Pakistan, has become increasingly susceptible to extreme climate events, particularly seasonal flooding due to erratic rainfall patterns, weak governance, and unchecked development along flood-prone corridors. This study maps the community-level flood vulnerability from 2010 to 2022 and critically evaluates the effectiveness of structural & non-structural mitigation strategies executed by relevant authorities. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates climatological data from Pakistan Meteorological Department, Geographic Information System (GIS)-based flood mapping, and field-level insights from stakeholder interviews and community surveys. The findings reveal that 24 union councils are consistently exposed to high flood risks due to their proximity to rivers, seasonal poor drainage infrastructure, and informal settlements. Although structural measures, such as embankments and drainage rehabilitation, exist, their impact is undermined by frequent encroachments, limited maintenance, and a lack of coordination among the municipal, irrigation, and disaster management bodies. This research offers vital recommendations to support sustainable flood resilience and adaptive governance in Peshawar.

The study aimed to compare perceptions of teachers of special education and general education teachers regarding concept of inclusive education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The primary aims of the study were to determine the teachers’ views in the general education schools and special education centers on inclusion of students with disabilities in the general education system, and to compare the perceptions of special and general education teachers regarding this inclusion. A descriptive research design was used. The teachers of Special and general education in KP were considered the study's population, delimited to 06 districts. Collected data were analyzed and interpreted through statistical tools. The conclusions drawn were that "There was no significant difference between the views of special & general education teachers about inclusive education in KP. Teachers in both setups expressed the welcoming attitude and a favorable opinion of inclusion and agreed to teach students with the disabilities in an inclusive classroom. The teachers of both the groups admit that individuals with disability can find more opportunities. The teachers from both categories agreed that students with disabilities find out the greater opportunities for social interactions in mainstream education.