The accurate diagnosis of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is crucial, as treatment strategies differ from those of other lung cancers. This systematic review aims to identify proteins differentially expressed in SCLC compared to normal lung tissue, evaluating their potential utility in diagnosing and prognosing the disease. Additionally, the study identifies proteins differentially expressed between SCLC and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), aiming to discover biomarkers distinguishing between these two subtypes of neuroendocrine lung cancers. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Studies reporting proteomics information and confirming SCLC and/or LCNEC through histopathological and/or cytopathological examination were included, while review articles, non-original articles, and studies based on animal samples or cell lines were excluded. The initial search yielded 1705 articles, and after deduplication and screening, 16 articles were deemed eligible. These studies revealed 117 unique proteins significantly differentially expressed in SCLC compared to normal lung tissue, along with 37 unique proteins differentially expressed between SCLC and LCNEC. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential of proteomics technology in identifying novel biomarkers for diagnosing SCLC, predicting its prognosis, and distinguishing it from LCNEC.

OBJECTIVES: Early introduction to research prepares medical students for the practice of evidence-based medicine. Few studies have examined the experiences of research among medical students in the Arab region. This study assesses medical students’ experiences in pursuing research at the national College of Medicine (CMED) in the state of Qatar. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire distributed through Google Forms. The inclusion criteria called for students over 18 years old enrolled in the college in Years 2 to 6 (pre-clinical and clinical phases) during the spring semester of 2022. The questionnaire included 5 sections with multiple-choice questions and 5-point Likert-scale questions. The questionnaire was validated using esperts review and by piloting it on 10% of the eligible students. STATA 17.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis, which involved a logistic regression and Mann–Whitney U test. RESULTS: The study had 179 student participants (over half of the eligible group). Half were in the preclinical phase, and half were in the clinical phase. Approximately half had published at least 1 paper. For voluntary research, the main motivators were passion and positive past experiences, while the main demoralizer was inadequate time. For mandatory medical-student research, supervisor help was the main facilitator, and an academic load leaving insufficient time for research was the main barrier. The factors positively influencing voluntary research participation were being older, being male, studying in a more advanced program phase, and having a lower score for negative attitudes toward research. The main limitation of the study was the inclusion of only 1 medical school with 1 type of curriculum. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that better research experience can be ensured by providing space, time, and proper academic and moral support to students. The authors believe that doing so will indirectly positively affect the future translation of skills in evidence-based medicine into clinical practice.

The main purpose of the study is to explore the ‘Perception of Deobandi Ulema Regarding Women’s Economic Empowerment’, which is closely associated with their educational and political empowerment. The study also aims to comprehend women’s family and reproductive rights as they are closely linked to economic empowerment. Target population of the present study included those who are teaching in Deobandi Madrassa’h, with eight years’ religious education of ‘Dars-e-Nizami’. A sample size of twenty-five respondents was selected through purposive sampling technique. Among these twenty-five respondents, ten respondents were taken from rural Mardan and ten were taken from urban Peshawar. While five female Ulema from rural Mardan trained in Deobandi school of thought were also interviewed to learn about their perceptions regarding women’s economic empowerment. The nature of the study was qualitative and an interview guide was used for data collection. The major findings highlighted that most of Deobandi Ulema from rural area were not in favor of economic empowerment of women. Some of them gave conditional approval to women’s education and employment but in segregated institutions. Concept of empowerment was negatively perceived by most of rural areas Ulema. Almost all of the Ulema from urban Peshawar were supportive of women’s equal access to employment, income, education and medical treatment. They considered due share of women in property, a compulsory Islamic principle, which provided opportunities to women to take part in decision making in crucial economic and socio-culture matters within the family setup. However, majority of the respondents thought women’s freedom to go shopping or employment was against the teachings of Islam. It is suggested, on the basis of the findings, that religious values and ideas, which are based upon the true teachings of Islam, should be propagated and applied in true spirit through legislation and education. This will help reduce irrational behavior towards women. Key words: Deoband, Women’s , Ulema, Parda'h, Islam, Pashtun