Four series of experiments were carried out to study the possibility of replacing clay and an iron-containing component with tefritobasalt and lead slag as part of the initial charge for Portland cement. The experiments were carried out at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 1350 °C. It was shown that the replacement of clay and an iron-containing component with tefritobasalt and lead slag as part of the initial charge in the cement industry will lead to a decrease in temperature by 100 °C in the technological scheme of production and a reduction in energy consumption, since the theoretical specific consumption of raw materials is 1.481 t/t of clinker, which is approximately 70 kg lower than in traditional mixtures. The content of non-traditional components in total was 24.69%. In addition, tefritobasalts improved clinker formation processes, contributed to a decrease in the firing temperature, and intensified the clinker firing process. A small amount of lead slag (5.06%) introduced into the mixture changed the structure of the clinker and improved the process of mineral formation while also improving roasting and reducing the anthropogenic impact on the environment through the disposal of man-made waste. The strength of the experimental composite cements was tested after 7 and 28 days on small samples measuring 2 × 2 × 2 cm. The physicomechanical characteristics and structure of composite cements were studied.

The article presents the chemical composition of vermiculite ores from the Kulantau deposits and the atomic structure of vermiculite during dehydration, in 1-, 2- and 3-layer hydrated states. It has been shown that vermiculites from deposits in the Turkestan region have significant differences in mineralogical composition. Rational ways of using Kulantau vermiculite as an innovative modifying additive in bitumen compositions are considered, which are intended to improve the asphalt concrete mixture during its preparation. A slight increase in structuring resins is a result of the elevated content of high-molecular-weight asphaltenes in the modified bitumen, as indicated by the analysis of the provided spectra. In turn, the systematization or structuring of bitumen leads to an increase in the mixture density, accompanied by a simultaneous rise in internal friction coefficients, and resistance to loads (shear and impact), as well as an enhancement in compressive strength. The influence of the chemical composition of Kulantau vermiculite on the structure of bitumen compositions is characterized by high adsorption capacity and effectively absorbs products resulting from the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Vermiculite is characterized by high efficiency in the activation phase, large pore volume, and selectivity. The alteration of the bitumen’s group composition due to the selective diffusion of oils, as well as resins in the material, occurs as a result of the interaction between bitumen and a material characterized by a fine-porous structure and high specific surface area. This process modifies the properties of bituminous layers on the surface of particles and leads to the formation of robust bitumen films appearing on the grain surfaces. Thus, enhancing the longevity of coatings, improving the quality of binding bitumen, and reducing asphalt concrete coverings necessitate the use of vermiculite in creating modified bituminous compositions.