Background: Emotional eating (EmE) is a maladaptive eating behavior that has been frequently observed among university students, possibly due to academic stress and lifestyle changes. However, its specific assessment in health science students has been poorly addressed, even though this population faces high levels of academic stress and emotional burden. Objective: This study explores the association between self-perceived health status, life satisfaction, and EmE among university students in the health field on the north coast of Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 1213 students. Self-perceived health, life satisfaction, and EmE were assessed using validated instruments. In addition, sociodemographic data were considered as covariates and possible confounding factors. T-tests, chi-square tests, and Poisson regression with robust variance were applied. Results: EmE was more prevalent in women (78.0%) than in men (66.8%; p < 0.001). In addition, an inverse association was observed between self-perceived health and emotional eating: students with average self-perceived health (adjusted OR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.83–0.94) and those with high self-perceived health (adjusted OR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.69–0.81) showed a progressively lower prevalence of EmE compared to those with low self-perceived health. Similarly, high life satisfaction was associated with a lower prevalence of EmE (adjusted PR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.80–0.96). Conclusions: Low self-perceived health and life dissatisfaction were significantly associated with a higher probability of EmE in medical and nursing students. These results highlight the need to strengthen university programs on mental health, emotional regulation, and subjective well-being promotion as strategies to prevent maladaptive eating behaviors in academic settings, considering gender.