Although Thailand harbours > 100 hot springs with distinct physicochemistry for diverse microbial communities, an extensive biogeography of hot spring microbial communities has not previously been explored. Here we summarised the progression of previous research and their findings on microbial distributions using data gathered from 62 hot springs (temperature = 32°C–90°C, pH = 6.2–10.0), retrieved from 51 documents (from 1990 to 2025), spanning across 21 provinces along the northern, central, eastern, western and southern regions of Thailand. Cyanobacteriota communities were the most characterised, with Synechococcus and Phormidium as frequently reported genera among studies. Several cyanobacterial members, for example, Pseudanabaena , Synechococcus , Chroococcus and Chroococcidiopsis were reported at remarkably wide temperature ranges. For non‐photosynthetic bacteria, Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota were the majority of the communities, while members from Bacillota were the most isolated. Pseudomonadota also harbour the widest distribution range, spanning ~70°C across sites. However, temperature measurements from some studies might not accurately reflect in situ conditions. Additionally, archaea were rarely noted in the community likely due to methodological limitations. Microbial eukaryotes, for example, green algae and diatoms, were occasionally isolated and classified but their communities remain largely uncharacterised. This review provides the first integrated overview and reference database of hot spring‐associated microorganisms in Thailand.

Tuanao, a traditional Northern Thai fermented soybean product, was profiled with an integrated multi-omics workflow to clarify how microbes and metabolites co-evolve during household fermentation. Soybeans were fermented spontaneously for three days; samples from four time points were analyzed by shotgun metagenomics alongside 1H-NMR and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS metabolomics. Bacillus spp. (phylum Bacilliota) quickly supplanted early Enterobacterales and dominated the mature microbiome. The rise of Bacillus coincided with genes for peptide and carbohydrate utilization and with the accumulation of acetate, free amino acids (glutamine, leucine, alanine, valine) and diverse oligopeptides, whereas citrate and glucose-1-phosphate were depleted. This Bacillus-linked metabolic shift indicates that Tuanao is a promising source of probiotics and bioactive compounds. Our study provides the first system-level view of Tuanao fermentation and offers molecular markers to guide starter-culture design and quality control.

Short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation can impair biological systems by causing DNA damage, oxidative stress, and disruption of photosynthetic processes. Although ultraviolet C (UVC) at 254 nm is widely used as a controlled laboratory stressor, the extent to which trophic condition influences repeated UVC tolerance in phototrophic protists remains unclear. Here, we examined the response of Euglena gracilis grown under photoautotrophic or ethanol-supported mixotrophic conditions and exposed to daily UVC pulses for five days. Cell growth, photosynthetic pigments, intracellular oxidative stress measured by 2′,7′ dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescence, and lipid peroxidation estimated as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances equivalent malondialdehyde were assessed, together with qualitative fluorescence microscopy. Repeated UVC exposure reduced cell density in both trophic conditions, with stronger inhibition under photoautotrophy. Photoautotrophic UVC-treated cultures showed the highest oxidative stress signal, whereas malondialdehyde displayed only a non-significant directional increase. Mixotrophic cultures maintained higher cell density under UVC and showed lower oxidative stress signals than photoautotrophic UVC-treated cultures. Pigment responses also differed between trophic conditions, with increased chlorophyll a and carotenoids per cell under photoautotrophic UVC treatment, while mixotrophic pigment levels remained comparatively stable. These findings show that trophic condition shapes repeated UVC stress responses in E. gracilis and that ethanol-supported mixotrophy is associated with improved physiological robustness under the present experimental conditions.