The ever-increasing use of wireless communication systems during the last few decades has raised concerns about the potential health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on humans. Safety limits and exposure assessment methods were developed and are regularly updated to mitigate health risks. Continuous radiofrequency EMF monitoring networks and in situ measurement campaigns provide useful information about environmental EMF levels and their variations over time and in different microenvironments. In this study, published data from the five largest monitoring networks and from two extensive in situ measurement campaigns in different European countries were gathered and processed. Median electric field values for monitoring networks across different countries lay in the interval of 0.67–1.51 V/m. The median electric field value across different microenvironments, as evaluated from in situ measurements, varied from 0.10 V/m to 1.42 V/m. The differences between networks were identified and mainly attributed to variations in population density. No significant trends in the temporal evolution of EMF levels were observed. The influences of parameters such as population density, type of microenvironment, and height of measurement on EMF levels were investigated.

Complexation between hexavalent neptunium and nitrate was studied in aqueous nitric acid solution using optical absorption, vibrational and X-ray absorption spectroscopies. Distributions of aqueous [NpO₂]²⁺, [NpO₂(NO₃)]⁺ and [NpO₂(NO₃)₂] species were obtained as a function of nitric acid concentration between 0 and 14 M. The crystal structure of [NpO₂(NO₃)₂(H₂O)₂]·H₂O was determined.

A microdosimetric model was used to analyze the results of experimental studies on cells of two lymphoid cell lines (T2 and Ada) irradiated with (213)Bi-radiolabeled antibodies. These antibodies targeted MHC/peptide complexes. The density of target antigen could be modulated by varying the concentration of the peptide loaded onto the cells. This offered the possibility of changing the ratio of specific (from cell-bound antibody) to non-specific (from antibody present in the supernatant) irradiation. For both cell lines, survival plotted as a function of the mean absorbed dose was a decreasing exponential. For the T2 cells, the microdosimetric sensitivity calculated for the whole cell was equal whether the irradiation was non-specific (z(0) = 0.12 +/- 0.02 Gy) or specific (z(0) = 0.12 +/- 0.09 Gy). Similar results were obtained for Ada cells. These results constitute a biological validation of the microdosimetric model. For both cells, the measured cell mortality was greater than the percentage of hit cells calculated with the model at low mean absorbed doses. This observation thus suggests bystander effects. It poses the question of the relevance of the mean absorbed dose to the cell nuclei. A new concept in cellular dosimetry taking into account cytoplasm or membrane irradiation and bystander modeling appears to be needed.

Purpose: To investigate the therapeutic potential of ²¹³Bilabeled multiple targeted α-radioimmunoconjugates for treating prostate cancer (CaP) micrometastases in mouse models. Experimental Design: PC-3 CaP cells were implanted s.c., in the prostate, and intratibially in NODSCID mice. The expression of multiple tumor–associated antigens on tumor xenografts and micrometastases was detected by immunohistochemistry. Targeting vectors were two monoclonal antibodies, and a plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 that binds to cell surface urokinase plasminogen activator, labeled with ²¹³Bi using standard methodology. In vivo efficacy of multiple α conjugates (MTAT) at different activities was evaluated in these mouse models. Tumor growth was monitored during observations and local regional lymph node metastases were assessed at the end of experiments. Results: The take rate of PC-3 cells was 100% for each route of injection. The tumor-associated antigens (MUC1, urokinase plasminogen activator, and BLCA-38) were heterogeneously expressed on primary tumors and metastatic cancer clusters at transit. A single i.p. injection of MTAT (test) at high and low doses caused regression of the growth of primary tumors and prevented local lymph node metastases in a concentration-dependent fashion; it also caused cancer cells to undergo necrosis and apoptosis. Conclusions: Our results suggest that MTAT can impede primary PC-3 CaP growth at three different sites in vivo through induction of apoptosis, and can prevent the spread of cancer cells and target lymph node micrometastases in a concentration-dependent manner. MTAT, by targeting multiple antigens, can overcome heterogeneous antigen expression to kill small CaP cell clusters, thus providing a potent therapy for micrometastases.

Bevacizumab, a humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody has shown promise in various clinical trials. We report the development and testing of Bi-213 (an alpha-emitting radionuclide) labeled bevacizumab for in vitro and in vivo studies using two different chelators viz cDTPA and CHX-A″. The developed labeling method showed high labeling yields of 93.6% and 89.7% for cDTPA and CHX-A″ respectively and the results were reproducible. The in vitro and in vivo stability tests were carried out using Bi-213 and long half-life Bismuth isotope (Bi-205 / Bi-206) for pharmacokinetics. The in vitro results showed remarkable stability of the radiolabeled bevacizumab regardless of the chelator. The in vivo pharmacokinetics studies however, showed that the uptake and retention of cDTPA- bevacizumab was significantly higher in kidneys (p-value 0.02) and lower in liver and spleen (p-value