During the preparation of high dilutions, repeated external vibration (shaking) is used. We hypothesized that it was the vibration treatment, and not the negligible content of the initial substance, that underlies the activity of highly diluted preparations. In order to test this, the vibration was separated from the dilution process. After vibrating two tubes together on a vortex mixer (one containing water and the other the initial substance) the electrical conductivity and radio frequency radiation intensity of water differed from the unvibrated control, and the ability to exert a modifying effect on the target solution appeared, as assessed using ELISA and terahertz spectroscopy, appeared. Thus, the properties of the neutral carrier (water) changed after non-contact exposure to the initial substance. We have named this process ‘crossing’ and its products ‘aqueous iterations of the initial substance’. Several aqueous iterations with different physical properties were obtained, some of which have a modifying effect and others cause various chemical (catalytic) and biological (antiviral) effects similar to those of the initial substance. This indicates that during crossing, substances enter into post-vibration supramolecular interactions. At the nanoscale level, aqueous iterations and the initial substance are structurally symmetrical, which allows us to assume that the preservation of the symmetry of substances subjected to vibration treatment is the basis of the post-vibration interaction phenomenon.

Objectives. It was recently discovered that water samples with modified physicochemical properties can be obtained by successive vibration treatment of intact water together with a solution of a substance located in separate closely spaced vials. We refer to such samples as iterations. By adding the vibrational iterations into the initial substance, the physicochemical properties of the latter are changed, i.e., they demonstrate post-vibration activity. In addition, it has been shown that vibrational iterations can be obtained using water treated with a magnetic field as the initial substance. On this basis, we may hypothesize that the phenomenon of post-vibration activity is universal. To confirm this hypothesis, water treated with an electric signal having various parameters (electrochemically activated water) was used as the initial substance for the preparation of vibrational iterations.Methods. The physicochemical properties of vibrational iterations, which were obtained from electrochemically activated water, were studied by conductometry, terahertz spectroscopy, and radiometry. The effect of the initial substance or its vibrational iterations on intact water (a neutral carrier) was evaluated by dynamic light scattering. For this purpose, the intensity of light scattering by the sample and the hydrodynamic diameter of optical heterogeneities were measured. The attenuation coefficient of an additional electric signal applied to the samples was determined.Results. The obtained vibrational iterations differ from intact water and their mixtures with intact water in terms of specific electrical conductivity, power flux density of microwave radiation, as well as in the contribution of the main (Debye) relaxation process to the overall dielectric response. Mixtures of vibrational iterations with water also differ from intact water in terms of the size of optical heterogeneities. By analogy with the vibrational iterations for which solutions of high- and low-molecular-weight substances were used as the initial substance, vibrational iterations obtained using electrochemically activated water can be classified into different groups (fractions) according to their physicochemical characteristics. Different degrees of changes in the physicochemical characteristics are observed depending on the parameters of the electric signal used to obtain the initial substance. The efficiency of electrical signal propagation in these mixtures, as estimated by the signal strength attenuation coefficient, is additionally changed. The addition of the initial substance (electrochemically activated water) to intact water also leads to changes in the physicochemical properties of the resulting mixture compared to the control. Depending on the parameters of the electric signal used to obtain the initial substance, the magnitude of changes in the physicochemical characteristics of these mixtures similarly varies.Conclusions. The fundamental possibility of obtaining vibrational iterations from electrochemically activated water similarly to vibrational iterations prepared in other studies, was demonstrated. This confirms the universality of the phenomenon of post-vibration.

Cell-based therapy is a promising direction for the treatment of various diseases. However, it is associated with several problems, primarily related to reproducibility and standardization. In this context, the development of new methods for the production of cell-based preparations is of particular relevance. Recently, a novel technology named ‘crossing’ has been developed. It comprises the multi-stage vibrational processing of two closely spaced test tubes containing the initial substance and a neutral carrier (water or lactose). As a result, the neutral carrier acquires some properties of the initial substance, and artificial products, vibrational iterations, are obtained. Some vibrational iterations are also capable of exerting a modifying effect on the initial substance (or its target in the body), changing its physico-chemical/biological properties. Earlier, we demonstrated the possibility of obtaining vibrational iterations from biological molecules (antibodies). In this study, we evaluated the biological effects of vibrational iterations obtained by the crossing technology using cells grown in culture. This work shows that vibrational iterations obtained from CHO-S cell culture affect the ability of CHO-S cells to utilize glucose in the presence of insulin. The data demonstrate the prospect of developing fundamentally new biological drugs based on vibrational iterations, including for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Electrons localized by water molecules are known as hydrated electrons. The composition of the aqueous environment determines their state and behavior. In this experimental and theoretical work, hydrated electrons were formed in aqueous solutions upon high-energy electron impact, and the dependence of their characteristics on the presence of nanobubbles generated during vibrational treatment was investigated. To explain the results, quantum chemical simulations were carried out, and diverse possible kinetic schemes were considered. Absorbance of deionized water and NaCl aqueous solution was measured at a wavelength of 600 nm, which falls in the range typical of hydrated electrons. The principal differences in the spectral responses of the samples were discovered depending on whether they were preliminarily subjected to repeated vigorous shaking or not. Vigorous shaking caused a noticeable increase in both the integral and maximum absorbance, and the absorbance decay was significantly slower. The effects observed in the vibrationally treated aqueous samples were found to be explained only in the framework of a kinetic scheme that assumes the repeated solvation of electrons, which are transferred from a localized to a delocalized (free) state upon the energy absorption. This repeated solvation is possible only when the secondary electrons are localized on the inner surfaces of the boundary hydration shells of nanobubbles, which are formed in the process of shaking. Thus, nanobubbles substantially change the apparent gross lifetime and properties of hydrated electrons, and these changes, in turn, can indicate the presence of nanobubbles in water and aqueous solutions.

Background: Our research investigates how the structure of a lactose matrix can be altered by the specific drugs used to saturate it. In particular, we examine whether ultra-high dilutions of substances, such as antibodies, can change the crystal structure of lactose. Methods: We employed methods including X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, and granulometric content analysis. Results: Our findings suggest that once saturated with highly diluted substances, lactose does indeed gain and retain changes in its crystalline structures [particularly cell parameters a, b, c, β]. These changes are most pronounced between intact and saturated lactose samples, and there are also differences observed when using different solutions for saturation. Conclusion: The results support the idea that ultra-high dilutions can irreversibly change the structure of lactose, potentially due to differences in solution wetting and subsequent recrystallization of the lactose matrix.