The canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) and leaf area index (LAI) are both essential indicators for crop growth monitoring and yield estimation. The PROSAIL model, which couples the properties optique spectrales des feuilles (PROSPECT) and scattering by arbitrarily inclined leaves (SAIL) radiative transfer models, is commonly used for the quantitative retrieval of crop parameters; however, its homogeneous canopy assumption limits its accuracy, especially in the case of multiple crop categories. The adjusted average leaf angle (ALA_adj), which can be parameterized for a specific crop type, increases the applicability of the PROSAIL model for specific crop types with a non-uniform canopy and has the potential to enhance the performance of PROSAIL-coupled hybrid methods. In this study, the PROSAIL-D model was used to generate the ALA_adj values of wheat, soybean, and maize crops based on ground-measured spectra, the LAI, and the leaf chlorophyll content (LCC). The results revealed ALA_adj values of 62 degrees for wheat, 45 degrees for soybean, and 60 degrees for maize. Support vector regression (SVR), random forest regression (RFR), extremely randomized trees regression (ETR), the gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT), and stacking learning (STL) were applied to simulated data of the ALA_adj in 50-band data to retrieve the CCC and LAI of the crops. The results demonstrated that the estimation accuracy of singular crop parameters, particularly the crop LAI, was greatly enhanced by the five machine learning methods on the basis of data simulated with the ALA_adj. Regarding the estimation results of mixed crops, the machine learning algorithms using ALA_adj datasets resulted in estimations of CCC (RMSE: RFR = 51.1 μg cm⁻², ETR = 54.7 μg cm⁻², GBRT = 54.9 μg cm⁻², STL = 48.3 μg cm⁻²) and LAI (RMSE: SVR = 0.91, RFR = 1.03, ETR = 1.05, GBRT = 1.05, STL = 0.97), that outperformed the estimations without using the ALA_adj (namely CCC RMSE: RFR = 93.0 μg cm⁻², ETR = 60.1 μg cm⁻², GBRT = 60.0 μg cm⁻², STL = 68.5 μg cm⁻² and LAI RMSE: SVR = 2.10, RFR = 2.28, ETR = 1.67, GBRT = 1.66, STL = 1.51). Similar findings were obtained using the suggested method in conjunction with 19-band data, demonstrating the promising potential of this method to estimate the CCC and LAI of crops at the satellite scale.

Rapid urbanization facilitates socioeconomic development but also exacerbates land use/cover change (LUCC), significantly impacting ecological environments. Timely, objective, and quantitative assessments of ecological quality changes resulting from LUCC are essential for safeguarding the natural environment and managing land resources. However, limited research has explored the potential interrelationships between the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of LUCC and ecological quality during urbanization. This study focuses on the Xiong’an New Area, a region experiencing rapid urbanization, utilizing the remote sensing-based ecological index (RSEI) to monitor ecological quality dynamics from 2017 to 2023. To address the computational challenges associated with large-scale regions, a streamlined RSEI construction method was developed using Landsat imagery and implemented via Google Earth Engine (GEE). A geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis, integrated with Sentinel-2 land use data, was employed to examine the influence of LUCC on ecological quality. The findings reveal the following: (1) Ecological quality in the Xiong’an New Area has exhibited an overall positive trajectory, with improvements elevating the ecological status to above moderate levels. (2) Urban expansion resulted in a 17% reduction in farmland, primarily converted into construction land, which expanded by approximately 12%. (3) Ecological protection policies have facilitated the conversion of farmland into wetlands and urban green areas, which emerged as the principal contributors to ecological quality enhancement. (4) A positive correlation was observed between changes in ecological land and ecological quality, while a negative correlation was identified between shifts in the construction land and farmland and ecological quality. This research provides valuable scientific insights into ecological conservation and land use management, thereby establishing a foundation for the development of rational land resource planning and sustainable ecological development strategies in the Xiong’an New Area.

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) plays a pivotal role in modern agriculture by capturing fine-grained spectral signatures that support crop classification, health assessment, and land-use monitoring. However, the transition from raw spectral data to reliable semantic understanding remains challenging—particularly under fragmented planting patterns, spectral ambiguity, and spatial heterogeneity. To address these limitations, we propose UniHSFormer-X, a unified transformer-based framework that reconstructs agricultural semantics through prototype-guided token routing and hierarchical context modeling. Unlike conventional models that treat spectral–spatial features uniformly, UniHSFormer-X dynamically modulates information flow based on class-aware affinities, enabling precise delineation of field boundaries and robust recognition of spectrally entangled crop types. Evaluated on three UAV-based benchmarks—WHU-Hi-LongKou, HanChuan, and HongHu—the model achieves up to 99.80% overall accuracy and 99.28% average accuracy, outperforming state-of-the-art CNN, ViT, and hybrid architectures across both structured and heterogeneous agricultural scenarios. Ablation studies further reveal the critical role of semantic routing and prototype projection in stabilizing model behavior, while parameter surface analysis demonstrates consistent generalization across diverse configurations. Beyond high performance, UniHSFormer-X offers a semantically interpretable architecture that adapts to the spatial logic and compositional nuance of agricultural imagery, representing a forward step toward robust and scalable crop classification.

Rapid urbanization has facilitated socioeconomic development but has also exacerbated land use/cover change (LUCC), significantly impacting ecological environments. Timely, objective, and quantitative assessments of ecological quality changes resulting from LUCC are essential for safeguarding the natural environment and managing land resources. However, limited research has explored the potential interrelationships between the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of LUCC and ecological quality during urbanization. This study focuses on Xiong’an New Area, a region experiencing rapid urbanization, utilizing the remote sensing-based ecological index (RSEI) to monitor ecological quality dynamics from 2017 to 2023. To address the computational challenges associated with large-scale regions, a streamlined RSEI construction method was developed using Landsat imagery and implemented via Google Earth Engine (GEE). A geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis, integrated with Sentinel-2 land use data, was employed to examine the influence of LUCC on ecological quality. The findings reveal the following: (1) Ecological quality in Xiong’an New Area exhibited an overall positive trajectory, with improvements elevating the ecological status to above moderate levels. (2) Urban expansion resulted in a 17% reduction in farmland, primarily converted into construction land, which expanded by approximately 12%. (3) Ecological protection policies have facilitated the conversion of farmland into wetlands and urban green areas, which have emerged as the principal contributors to ecological quality enhancement. (4) A positive correlation was observed between changes in ecological land and ecological quality, while a negative correlation was identified between shifts in construction land and farmland and ecological quality. This research provides valuable scientific insights into ecological conservation and land use management, thereby establishing a foundation for the development of rational land resource planning and sustainable ecological development strategies in the Xiong’an New Area.

To analyze the global sensitivity of winter wheat parameters using the AquaCrop model on a global scale, the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST) was utilized to identify parameter sensitivity differences in different regions and meteorological conditions represented by eight stations in Henan Province, including Zhengzhou, Anyang, Shangqiu, Luanchuan, Nanyang, Xuchang, Zhumadian, and Xinyang. The results showed that: (1) the sensitivity of crop parameters is little affected by meteorological conditions for biomass, and the sensitivity parameters of the eight regions were consistent; there were minimum growing degrees required for total biomass production (stbio), normalized water productivity (wp), maximum canopy cover in fraction soil cover (mcc), crop coefficient when the canopy was complete but prior to senescence (kcb), Growing degree-days (GDD)-from sowing to emergence (eme), and GGD-increase in canopy cover (cgc); (2) for canopy cover, the most sensitive parameters were mcc, cgc, soil surface covered by an individual seedling at 90% emergence (ccs), and other parameters were more sensitive in early growth stage of winter wheat; (3) for yield, GDD-from sowing to flowering (flo) was the most sensitive parameter. The results of this study will provide support for the use of the AquaCrop model to investigate crop management at the local level.