Objectives: to quantitatively analyze macrophage-like cells (MLCs) at the vitreoretinal interface in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) and en face optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: The study included 72 RVO patients, with 43 acute patients and 29 chronic patients. For a normal control, 64 fellow eyes were included. MLCs were visualized in a 5 μm en face OCT slab above the vitreoretinal interface centered on the fovea. After semi-automatic binarization and quantification, we evaluated the MLC count and density among groups. We also investigated the MLC density and distribution relative to retinal edema. Results: Morphological changes and congregation of MLCs appeared in RVO eyes. The MLC density of both the acute and chronic groups was significantly higher than that of the control eyes (p < 0.001). In the acute group, the MLC density of the edematous region was lower than both the non-edematous region (p < 0.001) and the whole image (p < 0.01). The MLC density in acute eyes was negatively correlated to central fovea thickness (CFT) (r = −0.352, p < 0.05). The MLC density in chronic eyes was positively correlated to CFT and mean retina thickness (MRT) (r = 0.406, p < 0.05; r = 0.412, p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions: SS-OCTA is a viable and simple method for the characterization of MLCs at the vitreoretinal interface. A significant increase in the MLC density in both acute and chronic eyes implicates the activation and recruitment of MLCs in RVO and that the MLC density and distribution can be affected by retinal edema.

Background: Poor vision is a challenging public health problem among children and adolescents globally and in China. It is well-recognized that early onset of poor vision and progressing to moderate and severe poor vision will increase the risk of irreversible blinding complications. To achieve the national goal of poor vision control and prevention, it is essential to investigate and understand the development of poor vision among children and adolescents in China. Objective: This study aims to investigate the progression of poor vision among children and adolescents in Wuhan, China, based on a prospective cohort and to provide scientific evidence for the development and implementation of effective poor vision prevention and control programs. Methods: Data were derived from a 4-year prospective cohort (2016‐2019) of primary and middle school students (N=108,585) in Wuhan, China. Vision condition was measured using the standard logarithmic visual acuity charts. A group-based trajectory model was used to identify trajectories of poor vision overall and by gender and region. Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 11.13 (SD 3.33) years, 200,110 (53.91%) were male and the majority (354404, 95.48%) were from urban areas. The prevalence of poor vision was 58.51% in 2016, 58.95% in 2017, 53.83% in 2018, and 54.79% in 2019. Group-based trajectory model identified 3 groups, including normal vision group (NVG) (27.4%), vision decline group (VDG) (17.8%), and moderate poor vision group (MPVG) (54.8%). A higher proportion of girls (57.8%) were in the MPV group compared to boys (50.5%), and the VDG showed greater changes in girls compared to boys. Furthermore, urban students (55.3%) had a higher proportion of MPV compared to rural students (47.5%), while urban students (17.2%) had a smaller proportion in the VDG compared to rural students (24%). Further analyses showed that as age increased, the likelihood of being categorized in the NVG decreased ( β =−.417, P <.001), while the likelihood of being in the VDG ( β =.058, P <.001) increased. Compared with boys, girls were more likely to be categorized in the VDG ( β =.597, P <.001) and MPV group ( β =.362, P <.001). Rural students were less likely than urban students to be categorized in the VDG ( β =−.311, P <.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of poor vision among children and adolescents in Wuhan has remained high over the years, with a slight decrease in recent years. The study identified three groups: normal vision, vision decline, and moderate poor vision. Girls and students from urban areas were more likely to have moderate poor vision, while boys and rural students had a higher proportion of vision decline. These findings provide valuable information for implementing poor vision prevention and control policies in the region.

While evidence links light at night (LAN) to metabolic disturbances, large-scale, population-based studies of objectively-measured LAN exposure remain limited. This study investigates the association between LAN and the risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) among US adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cross-sectional data from the 2011 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles were analyzed, focusing on participants with complete data on both LAN and DM. Participants were stratified by LAN level. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the association between LAN and DM. Multivariable linear regression analyses assessed relationships between LAN and diabetes risk markers, including hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses with multiple imputation tested robustness. A total of 4498 participants were enrolled. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in the high-LAN exposure group compared to the no-LAN group (21.01% vs 14.48%). Consistent with this, in the fully adjusted model, high-LAN exposure was independently associated with a significantly increased risk of DM (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–1.92). High-LAN exposure was linked to elevated HbA1c and fasting blood glucose in initial models. However, these associations weakened and became nonsignificant after full adjustment for covariates. No significant associations were observed for fasting serum insulin or HOMA-IR. Subgroup analyses showed the association between LAN and DM was more pronounced in middle-aged adults (40–64 years), individuals with obesity, and those with dyslipidemia or hypertension. However, no significant effect modification was found across subgroups (all P for interaction > .05). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. This study uses objective actigraphy-based LAN measurement and shows its independent association with DM, especially in metabolically susceptible subgroups. These findings identify LAN as a modifiable environmental risk factor and support its relevance to DM prevention and public health strategy.

This study investigated the associations between outdoor artificial light at night (ALAN) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and aime