Background: Poor vision is a challenging public health problem among children and adolescents globally and in China. It is well-recognized that early onset of poor vision and progressing to moderate and severe poor vision will increase the risk of irreversible blinding complications. To achieve the national goal of poor vision control and prevention, it is essential to investigate and understand the development of poor vision among children and adolescents in China. Objective: This study aims to investigate the progression of poor vision among children and adolescents in Wuhan, China, based on a prospective cohort and to provide scientific evidence for the development and implementation of effective poor vision prevention and control programs. Methods: Data were derived from a 4-year prospective cohort (2016‐2019) of primary and middle school students (N=108,585) in Wuhan, China. Vision condition was measured using the standard logarithmic visual acuity charts. A group-based trajectory model was used to identify trajectories of poor vision overall and by gender and region. Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 11.13 (SD 3.33) years, 200,110 (53.91%) were male and the majority (354404, 95.48%) were from urban areas. The prevalence of poor vision was 58.51% in 2016, 58.95% in 2017, 53.83% in 2018, and 54.79% in 2019. Group-based trajectory model identified 3 groups, including normal vision group (NVG) (27.4%), vision decline group (VDG) (17.8%), and moderate poor vision group (MPVG) (54.8%). A higher proportion of girls (57.8%) were in the MPV group compared to boys (50.5%), and the VDG showed greater changes in girls compared to boys. Furthermore, urban students (55.3%) had a higher proportion of MPV compared to rural students (47.5%), while urban students (17.2%) had a smaller proportion in the VDG compared to rural students (24%). Further analyses showed that as age increased, the likelihood of being categorized in the NVG decreased ( β =−.417, P <.001), while the likelihood of being in the VDG ( β =.058, P <.001) increased. Compared with boys, girls were more likely to be categorized in the VDG ( β =.597, P <.001) and MPV group ( β =.362, P <.001). Rural students were less likely than urban students to be categorized in the VDG ( β =−.311, P <.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of poor vision among children and adolescents in Wuhan has remained high over the years, with a slight decrease in recent years. The study identified three groups: normal vision, vision decline, and moderate poor vision. Girls and students from urban areas were more likely to have moderate poor vision, while boys and rural students had a higher proportion of vision decline. These findings provide valuable information for implementing poor vision prevention and control policies in the region.

High-glucose diet (HGD) has been reported to alter gut microbiota and induce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. In this study, we demonstrated that Schisandrin B (SchB) markedly attenuated HGD-induced physiological disturbances in zebrafish, with a focus on multiple tissues, including the liver, intestine, brain, and retina. The results showed that SchB attenuated oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and tissue injury induced by HGD. SchB was associated with reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of oxidative stress–related genes (Nrf2 and HO-1) and inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF- α , and Myd88) were significantly modulated in SchB-treated groups. Intestinal microbiota analysis revealed that SchB was associated with increased microbial richness and diversity, as well as partial restoration of HGD-induced dysbiosis. Overall, these findings suggest that SchB exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in zebrafish under high-glucose dietary conditions, and these protective effects are associated with improvements in gut microbiota structure.

Background: Prediabetes presents a critical opportunity to prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications. Both visceral adiposity and low skeletal muscle mass are closely linked to insulin resistance; however, it remains unclear whether body composition phenotypes—defined by relative muscle mass and the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), which is a validated measure of visceral fat accumulation in Chinese adults—are differentially associated with specific prediabetes outcomes. Therefore, we examined the associations between CVAI-defined body composition phenotypes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), elevated HbA1c levels, and composite prediabetes and compared the discriminatory performance of the CVAI with that of BMI and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Methods: Data obtained from 3,905 adults who attended a health check-up center in 2024 were analyzed. Participants were classified into four body composition phenotypes: Normal, low relative muscle mass alone, visceral obesity alone, and combined low relative muscle mass with visceral obesity. Associations with each prediabetes outcome were estimated using logistic regression to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) across three models: Model 1, unadjusted; Model 2, adjusted for age and sex; and Model 3, further adjusted for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The discriminatory performance of the CVAI, BMI, and waist-to-height ratio was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs), with between-index comparisons conducted using the DeLong test. Results: Among the 3,905 adults, the phenotype distribution was as follows: 68.0% had a normal phenotype, 6.9% had low relative muscle mass alone, 11.9% had visceral obesity alone, and 13.2% had a combination of low relative muscle mass and visceral obesity. After adjusting for age and sex, the phenotype combining low relative muscle mass with visceral obesity showed the strongest associations with IFG, elevated HbA1c levels, and composite prediabetes (ORs 2.42–2.84). In contrast, obesity alone remained associated with elevated HbA1c levels and composite prediabetes, and low relative muscle mass alone was not independently associated. These findings remained materially unchanged in the extended confounder-adjusted model. Conclusion: The phenotype characterized by low relative muscle mass combined with high CVAI-defined visceral adiposity was most strongly associated with impaired fasting glucose, elevated HbA1c levels, and composite prediabetes, whereas low relative muscle mass alone showed no independent association after adjustment. The CVAI also demonstrated better discrimination of abnormal glycemia compared to BMI and the waist-to-height ratio.

While evidence links light at night (LAN) to metabolic disturbances, large-scale, population-based studies of objectively-measured LAN exposure remain limited. This study investigates the association between LAN and the risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) among US adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cross-sectional data from the 2011 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles were analyzed, focusing on participants with complete data on both LAN and DM. Participants were stratified by LAN level. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the association between LAN and DM. Multivariable linear regression analyses assessed relationships between LAN and diabetes risk markers, including hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses with multiple imputation tested robustness. A total of 4498 participants were enrolled. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in the high-LAN exposure group compared to the no-LAN group (21.01% vs 14.48%). Consistent with this, in the fully adjusted model, high-LAN exposure was independently associated with a significantly increased risk of DM (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–1.92). High-LAN exposure was linked to elevated HbA1c and fasting blood glucose in initial models. However, these associations weakened and became nonsignificant after full adjustment for covariates. No significant associations were observed for fasting serum insulin or HOMA-IR. Subgroup analyses showed the association between LAN and DM was more pronounced in middle-aged adults (40–64 years), individuals with obesity, and those with dyslipidemia or hypertension. However, no significant effect modification was found across subgroups (all P for interaction > .05). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. This study uses objective actigraphy-based LAN measurement and shows its independent association with DM, especially in metabolically susceptible subgroups. These findings identify LAN as a modifiable environmental risk factor and support its relevance to DM prevention and public health strategy.