Melanoma possesses invasive metastatic growth patterns and is one of the most aggressive types of skin cancer. In 2021, it is estimated that 7180 deaths were attributed to melanoma in the United States alone. Once melanoma metastasizes, traditional therapies are no longer effective. Instead, immunotherapies, such as ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab, are the treatment options for malignant melanoma. Several biomarkers involved in tumorigenesis have been identified as potential targets for molecularly targeted melanoma therapy, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Unfortunately, melanoma quickly acquires resistance to these molecularly targeted therapies. To bypass resistance, combination treatment with immunotherapies and single or multiple TKIs have been employed and have been shown to improve the prognosis of melanoma patients compared to monotherapy. This review discusses several combination therapies that target melanoma biomarkers, such as BRAF, MEK, RAS, c-KIT, VEGFR, c-MET and PI3K. Several of these regimens are already FDA-approved for treating metastatic melanoma, while others are still in clinical trials. Continued research into the causes of resistance and factors influencing the efficacy of these combination treatments, such as specific mutations in oncogenic proteins, may further improve the effectiveness of combination therapies, providing a better prognosis for melanoma patients.

Background: Chronic cutaneous wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, pressure injuries, and burns remain a global clinical burden. These wounds are often arrested in inflammatory or ischemic stages due to impaired angiogenesis and growth factor deficiencies. Biologic therapies, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and recombinant growth factors, aim to restore these deficits and accelerate repair. Methods: A narrative review of PubMed and Google Scholar (2015–2025) identified 64 English-language studies, including randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and translational investigations evaluating PRP and recombinant growth factors in wound healing. Results: Randomized trials and meta-analyses show that adjunctive autologous PRP increases complete wound closure versus standard care in chronic ulcers, including diabetic foot and venous leg ulcers (odds ratios ≈ 2–8), and improves healing rates in pressure injuries (odds ratio ≈ 3.4), without increasing adverse events. In diabetic foot ulcers, PDGF-BB and EGF, together with PRP, consistently improve complete healing and reduce ulcer area. In burns, topical EGF and bFGF shorten healing time by ~3 days in superficial partial-thickness wounds and by >5 days in deeper burns, with generally improved scar outcomes. Conclusions: PRP offers broad, autologous biologic activation, while recombinant growth factors deliver high-potency, targeted precision. Together, they represent complementary regenerative strategies that can shorten healing times and improve outcomes in chronic wounds. Standardized multicenter trials quantifying cytokine composition, cost-effectiveness, and long-term limb-salvage benefit are warranted to guide their integration into routine clinical practice.

Early cancer detection is crucial for improving survival rates and treatment outcomes. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for early cancer detection due to their high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid detection capabilities. This review explores recent advancements (2015–2025) in electrochemical biosensors for cancer biomarker detection, their working principles, novel nanomaterial-based enhancements, challenges, and prospects for clinical applications. Specifically, we highlight the electrochemical detection of protein biomarkers (e.g., CEA, PSA, CRP), nucleic acid markers (ctDNA, miRNA, methylation patterns), and metabolic indicators, emphasizing their clinical relevance in early diagnosis and monitoring. Unlike previous reviews which focus on either biomarker classes or sensor platforms, this review uniquely integrates both factors. This review provides a novel perspective on how next-generation electrochemical biosensors can bridge the gap between laboratory development and real-world cancer diagnostics.

The increasing prevalence of bone replacements and complications associated with bone replacement procedures underscores the need for innovative tissue restoration approaches. Existing synthetic grafts cannot fully replicate bone vascularization and mechanical characteristics. This study introduces a novel strategy utilizing pectin, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol to create interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) scaffolds incorporated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We assess the osteointegration and osteoconduction abilities of these models in vitro using hMSCs and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Additionally, we confirm exosome properties through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), immunoblotting, and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). In vivo, chick allantoic membrane assay investigates vascularization characteristics. The study did not include in vivo animal experiments. Our results demonstrate that the IPN scaffold is highly porous and interconnected, potentially suitable for bone implants. EVs, approximately 100 nm in size, enhance cell survival, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the expression of osteogenic genes. EVs-mediated IPN scaffolds demonstrate promise as precise drug carriers, enabling customized treatments for bone-related conditions and regeneration efforts. Therefore, the EVs-mediated IPN scaffolds demonstrate promise as precise carriers for the transport of drugs, allowing for customized treatments for conditions connected to bone and efforts in regeneration.