Early cancer detection is crucial for improving survival rates and treatment outcomes. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for early cancer detection due to their high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid detection capabilities. This review explores recent advancements (2015–2025) in electrochemical biosensors for cancer biomarker detection, their working principles, novel nanomaterial-based enhancements, challenges, and prospects for clinical applications. Specifically, we highlight the electrochemical detection of protein biomarkers (e.g., CEA, PSA, CRP), nucleic acid markers (ctDNA, miRNA, methylation patterns), and metabolic indicators, emphasizing their clinical relevance in early diagnosis and monitoring. Unlike previous reviews which focus on either biomarker classes or sensor platforms, this review uniquely integrates both factors. This review provides a novel perspective on how next-generation electrochemical biosensors can bridge the gap between laboratory development and real-world cancer diagnostics.

The increasing prevalence of bone replacements and complications associated with bone replacement procedures underscores the need for innovative tissue restoration approaches. Existing synthetic grafts cannot fully replicate bone vascularization and mechanical characteristics. This study introduces a novel strategy utilizing pectin, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol to create interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) scaffolds incorporated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We assess the osteointegration and osteoconduction abilities of these models in vitro using hMSCs and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Additionally, we confirm exosome properties through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), immunoblotting, and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). In vivo, chick allantoic membrane assay investigates vascularization characteristics. The study did not include in vivo animal experiments. Our results demonstrate that the IPN scaffold is highly porous and interconnected, potentially suitable for bone implants. EVs, approximately 100 nm in size, enhance cell survival, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the expression of osteogenic genes. EVs-mediated IPN scaffolds demonstrate promise as precise drug carriers, enabling customized treatments for bone-related conditions and regeneration efforts. Therefore, the EVs-mediated IPN scaffolds demonstrate promise as precise carriers for the transport of drugs, allowing for customized treatments for conditions connected to bone and efforts in regeneration.

Osteomyelitis is a severe, progressive bone infection affecting approximately 21.8 per 100,000 individuals in the United States and remains a major challenge in orthopedic and reconstructive medicine. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), responsible for nearly 75% of cases, is the most common causative pathogen. Current gold-standard management involves culture-directed antibiotic therapy administered for 4–6 weeks, often combined with surgical debridement and the use of antibiotic-loaded cement spacers. Despite these interventions, treatment frequently fails to achieve complete infection eradication, with recurrent or persistent disease reported in up to 40% of cases, contributing to chronic inflammation, impaired bone healing, and long-term functional deficits. These limitations highlight the need for therapeutic strategies that address infection control and bone regeneration. A narrative literature review was conducted to evaluate emerging tissue-engineered scaffold-based biomaterials as potential alternatives to conventional treatment. Emerging evidence suggests antimicrobial-loaded matrices, bioactive scaffolds, and stimuli-responsive biomaterials can provide localized drug delivery, structural support, and enhanced osteogenesis while improving infection control and osteointegration. Advances in targeted drug delivery, immunomodulatory biomaterials, and computational scaffold design further suggest opportunities for more effective therapies. These findings highlight the potential of scaffold-based biomaterials to improve osteomyelitis management, although further clinical studies are required.