Since ancient times, various scientists and doctors have utilized different herbs to heal diseases. Due to the rise in drug resistance and the negative effects of chemosynthetic drugs, researchers and the general public around the world have become more interested in medicinal herbs and plant metabolites/extracts. This is due to its non-toxicity and its several health benefits when used to treat diseases in clinical and medical settings. Ocimum basilicum is one such plant, possessing a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals including alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, steroids and glycosides, as well as complex pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, wound healing and antiviral properties. The results of many studies on Ocimum basilicum plant extracts are collected and presented in this review. The plant extracts have excellent potential to be used as medicinal raw materials, and exhibit an extensive variety of therapeutic capacities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antiviral properties.

The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the research conducted on the chemical constituents and biological characteristics of Althaea officinalis. Methods: A comprehensive search of scientific databases, including Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Researchgate, was conducted. The search included keywords such as " Althaea officinalis", " Althaea officinalis compounds", " Althaea officinalis phytochemicals", " Althaea officinalis pharmacological", and " Althaea officinalis traditional uses". Results: Althaea officinalis, commonly known as marshmallow root, is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Europe and western Asia. It belongs to the Althaea genus of the Malvaceae family. Throughout history, people have recognized the plant ability to relieve symptoms such as a sore throat, dry cough, stomach ulcers, and wounds. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the extract from this plant has various positive effects, including antitussive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and wound-healing properties. Recent analyses of its chemical composition have revealed that Althaea officinalis contains numerous bioactive compounds, including mucopolysaccharides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, coumarins, steroids, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, triterpenoids etc. The roots and leaves of Althaea officinalis are used in teas, salads, emollients, and sedatives due to their edible and medicinal qualities. Furthermore, this particular plant is frequently grown for its beautiful flowers, making it a popular choice for ornamental purposes. Currently, Althaea officinalis can be found worldwide due to its widespread cultivation in the agricultural industry. It offers various benefits in the fields of food, healthcare, and dietary supplements. Conclusion: Althaea officinalis, a well-known traditional herbal plant, is readily available and widely used. Recent research efforts have successfully identified numerous chemical components of Althaea officinalis, including flavonoids, polysaccharides, phenolic acids, coumarins, and steroids. These diverse chemical compounds contribute to the plant's various pharmacological properties, such as its ability to alleviate coughs, reduce inflammation, provide antioxidant effects, fight against bacterial infections, and promote wound healing.

Achillea nobilis represents a species of considerable medicinal importance within the Asteraceae family, historically employed in Central Asia and various Eurasian territories for the management of inflammatory, microbial, and gastrointestinal ailments. Notwithstanding its extensive ethnopharmacological significance, the phytochemical profile and pharmacological attributes of its various anatomical components have not been comprehensively investigated. This research endeavor sought to delineate the phytochemical constituents and evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of ethanol extracts derived from both the aerial and root segments of A. nobilis. Qualitative phytochemical analysis and GC–MS characterization unveiled a diverse array of bioactive compounds, encompassing flavonoids, phenolic compounds, organic acids, lactones, alcohols, and heterocyclic derivatives. In particular, the aerial oil extract exhibited the presence of terpenoids, fatty acids and their esters, sterols, hydrocarbons, and minor organosilicon and cyclobutanone derivatives, with notable compounds such as linoleic acid (8.08%), 6-tetradecyne (14.99%), isopropyl linoleate (14.64%), and E,Z-1,3,12-nonadecatriene (22.25%). In vitro antimicrobial activity was assessed against eight clinically relevant microbial strains employing the broth microdilution technique. The aerial ethanol extract exhibited pronounced antimicrobial properties, particularly against MRSA and C. albicans, with MICs ranging from 0.5 to 2 mg/mL, whereas the root ethanol extract displayed MICs of 1 to 3 mg/mL. Additionally, the aerial oil extract showed moderate inhibitory activity, with MIC values ranging from 1.5 to 3 mg/mL, demonstrating effectiveness particularly against C. albicans, C. neoformans, and MRSA. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of A. nobilis, particularly its aerial component, as a viable natural source of antimicrobial agents.

Since ancient times, various scientists and doctors have utilized different herbs to heal diseases. Due to the rise in drug resistance and the negative effects of chemosynthetic drugs, researchers and the general public around the world have become more interested in medicinal herbs and plant metabolites/extracts. This is due to its non-toxicity and several health benefits when used to treat diseases in clinical and medical settings. Ocimum basilicum is one such plant, possessing a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals including alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, steroids and glycosides, as well as complex pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, wound healing and antiviral properties. The results of many studies on Ocimum basilicum plant extracts are collected and presented in this review. The plant extracts have an excellent potential to be used as medicinal raw materials and exhibit an extensive variety of therapeutic capacities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antiviral properties.