This research examined the production of a V₂O₅-g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite to remove organic dyes from wastewater. To generate the V₂O₅-g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite, the sonication method was applied. The testing of V₂O₅-g-C₃N₄ with various dyes (basic fuchsin (BF), malachite green (MG), crystal violet (CV), Congo red (CR), and methyl orange (MO)) revealed that the nanocomposite has a high adsorption ability towards BF, MG, CV, and CR dyes in comparison with MO dye. It was established that the modification of pH influenced the removal of CV by the V₂O₅-g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite and that under optimal operating conditions, efficiency of 664.65 mg g⁻¹ could be attained. The best models for CV adsorption onto the V₂O₅-g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite were found to be those based on pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm. According to the FTIR analysis results, the CV adsorption mechanism was connected to π–π interactions and the hydrogen bond.

This study investigated the photocatalytic degradation of RB dye by V₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nano-catalysts. The sonication method was utilized to create V₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nano-catalysts. V₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nano-catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), high-resolution electron microscopy (TEM), BET-surface area analyzer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet spectroscopy. In the meantime, the photocatalytic activity, pH, and photocatalyst dosage are investigated in depth to account for RB dye decolorization. The rate constant for RB dye photodegradation was 0.0517 (min⁻¹) and the decolorization rate was 93.4%. The degrading efficiency of RB dye by V₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanocatalysts is consistent with pseudo-first-order kinetics. The results of this study demonstrated that V₂O₅@g-C₃N₄ nanocatalysts are particularly effective at destroying dyes in water.