One approach to tackle the complexity in the development of cyber-physical systems is system decomposition and modelling in a central system model with model-based system engineering (MBSE). However, MBSE also requires increased development effort due to the high degree of formalisation of the development results using the Systems Modelling Language (SysML). One solution is reusing system elements from model libraries, which requires formalization that allows them to be networked into consistent models. Due to the abstract nature of SysML, the options for formalizing system elements are extremely diverse, meaning that even identical technical system elements are modelled with a different structure by engineers. As a consequence, no standardized structure is maintained and the reuse of system elements from model libraries is very unlikely. This leads to high, redundant modelling efforts as well as a considerable error potential and significantly hinders the economic application of MBSE in mechanical engineering. A standardized structure of the system elements can be ensured through MBSE methodology specific modelling guidelines. Current modelling guidelines for MBSE are based on the SysMLv1 language standard and cannot be used unchanged in SysML v2. Nevertheless, SysML v2 offers great potential for modelling reusable system elements, especially with its synonymous textual and graphical modelling capabilities, enabling the easy linkage of knowledge from various domain-specific tools. Consequently, modelling guidelines based on SysML v2, which guarantee a standardized structure, are required to fully exploit the potential of model libraries in MBSE. To solve this deficit, this paper presents modelling guidelines based on SysML v2 and their application for building reusable system elements.

As product development cycles become increasingly short while products grow more complex, new approaches in product development are needed to accommodate these developments. One of these approaches is Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE). MBSE enables the representation of products, which are seen as systems, in one seamless system model. To do so the product and its different aspects, such as physical behavior, are described by different models, that are then interconnected with each other. One advantage of applying MBSE is, that the usage of physical behavior models allows efficient virtual validation of many different product features and evaluation of implication due to design changes. However, performing sufficiently accurate virtual tests, especially for mechanical properties, requires detailed behavior models, which leads to a high modeling effort. For this reason, in the past efforts were made to standardize model components, referred to as system elements, that could be reused and thus reducing the modeling effort. The aim is to enable the modeling of any technical product from the composition of these base components. However, these system elements have not yet been modeled and organized in a library, which could then be distributed across modelers. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to firstly create a model library based on previously defined system elements that satisfies the required physical model properties. Furthermore, the applicability of this library in modeling is investigated and improvement potentials are derived. To do so a simplified gearbox model is created from multiple elements contained in a predefined library. The model created is then used to specifically investigate the ability to verify static safety using the physical behavior models contained in the library. The result of this work is an expandable model library of reusable system elements, that allows the aggregation of system models, representing products and the virtual verification of these products. Thus, enabling for a faster product development process as the modeling effort for the application of MBSE is reduced.

The automation of product development is increasingly enabled by agents, which extend large language models (LLMs) from requirements engineering to computer-aided engineering (CAE). An agent can be understood as an LLM embedded in a software harness that provides tools, memory, execution loops, and feedback channels. Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) maintains the system architecture and may therefore provide an important source of context and state for such agents. This scoping review investigates which artifacts provide context and maintain state in the reported approaches, and whether the MBSE system architecture is among them. A systematic search of arXiv, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and Web of Science on 1 August 2026 covered three search areas: MBSE and agents, MBSE and CAE, and agents and CAE. Of 14 584 records published from 2022 onward, title and abstract screening retained 495, of which 329, available in full text, were classified along the dimensions of their search area. Screening and classification were carried out by an LLM under author-defined criteria and closed vocabularies, reported along the PRISMA-trAIce checklist, and every evidence passage was verified against the full text. The review positions the MBSE system architecture within the agent harness and identifies how far the literature supports this role.