Malignant neoplasms, like non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), remain a major global health challenge. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with over two million new cases and 1.8 million deaths annually. NSCLC accounts for approximately 85% of cases, underscoring its substantial public health impact. Advances in molecular biology have driven the development of new therapies beyond traditional treatments. Among them, mRNA-based immunoadjuvant therapies, like cancer vaccines, have emerged as promising utilities in NSCLC by triggering targeted immune responses. The aim of this paper is to review ongoing and completed studies on mRNA vaccines in NSCLC. The efficacy of mRNA vaccines in NSCLC relies on the identification of immunogenic tumor-specific antigens, frequently derived from genomic profiling databases. Completed clinical trials have assessed the safety and potential benefit of selected mRNA vaccines—such as CV9202—administered alone or in combination with radiotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Ongoing studies are exploring the therapeutic potential of mRNA-based approaches targeting defined molecular alterations in NSCLC, particularly in conjunction with Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance antitumor immune responses. mRNA vaccines have emerged as a promising therapeutic option for NSCLC, with the potential to enhance immune responses and limit tumor progression, as demonstrated in ongoing clinical trials. They offer the possibility of personalized treatment with relatively few side effects. However, larger and long-term studies are required to fully confirm their safety and efficacy. Future research should aim to identify the most effective antigens, enhance stability, and refine delivery strategies to improve efficacy and personalization, while also addressing immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most aggressive malignancies, with 5-year survival rates consistently below 5% despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Worldwide, PDAC remains highly lethal, with 458,918 new cases and 432,242 deaths in 2018—about a 94% mortality-to-incidence ratio. The limited therapeutic efficacy is largely attributed to the pronounced heterogeneity of the disease, late clinical presentation, and the strongly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In recent years, mRNA-based vaccines encoding patient-specific neoantigens have emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic modality. By delivering tailored antigenic sequences, these vaccines are capable of eliciting potent cytotoxic T-cell responses against tumor-restricted epitopes, thereby enhancing tumor immunogenicity while minimizing off-target effects. This review summarizes the biological rationale underlying mRNA vaccination in PDAC, recent progress in preclinical and early clinical trials, and key obstacles related to antigen selection, delivery platforms, and the immunosuppressive stroma. The potential integration of neoantigen mRNA vaccines into multimodal therapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibition and chemotherapy, is also discussed, underscoring their prospective role in overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving clinical outcomes in PDAC. However, most current data come from early-phase trials, with long-term benefits yet unproven. Definitive conclusions on efficacy and survival await results from ongoing randomized studies expected by 2028–2029. Further progress in neoantigen identification, delivery systems, and combination strategies is crucial to fully harness mRNA vaccine potential in PDAC.

Introduction: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS, acne inversa) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory dermatosis with an etiopathogenesis that remains not fully understood. Characteristic skin lesions—nodules, abscesses, sinus tracts, and scars—are most commonly located in skin fold areas, leading to a significant deterioration in patients’ quality of life, both physically and psychosocially. Despite advances in medical knowledge, the diagnosis of HS is often delayed, and treatment represents a major clinical challenge requiring individualized therapeutic approaches. This article provides a review of current literature on pharmacological treatment strategies for HS, including both topical and systemic therapies. Particular emphasis is placed on antibiotic therapy (e.g., tetracyclines, combination therapy with clindamycin and rifampicin, triple-drug regimens, ertapenem), as well as hormonal and immunomodulatory treatments. Furthermore, the growing role of biologic therapies, including TNF-α and interleukin inhibitors, and the use of emerging targeted agents under investigation are discussed. Attention is also drawn to the importance of androgen receptors and their potential role in the pathogenesis of HS, as reflected in the effectiveness of antiandrogen therapies (e.g., spironolactone or oral contraceptives containing a progestogenic component). The review includes data on the efficacy, safety, and limitations of various therapeutic methods based on clinical trials and systematic reviews. The need for further research on the skin microbiome and immune response mechanisms is highlighted, as it may serve as a basis for the development of new, more targeted therapeutic interventions. It is emphasized that HS treatment should be multidimensional and tailored to disease severity as well as coexisting metabolic and endocrine disorders. Materials and Methods: The article was written based on scientific papers available on PubMed and Google Scholar Key findings: Analysis of current evidence indicates that pharmacotherapy constitutes a fundamental component in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), with treatment outcomes strongly dependent on disease severity. Biological therapies, including adalimumab, secukinumab, and belimumab, have demonstrated significant clinical efficacy in moderate to severe HS, particularly in individuals unresponsive to conventional therapies, and represent a major advancement in disease management. Antibiotics remain widely used, providing symptomatic relief despite HS being a chronic inflammatory rather than an infectious condition. Topical clindamycin (1%) is effective in mild cases with superficial inflammatory lesions but shows limited efficacy in deep nodules and carries a risk of microbial resistance. Systemic antibiotic therapy, especially clindamycin combined with rifampicin, has achieved clinical remission in a substantial proportion of moderate HS cases, whereas severe disease may require intensified regimens, including metronidazole, rifampicin, moxifloxacin, or intravenous ertapenem; however, relapse rates following treatment discontinuation remain high. Anti-androgen therapies, such as spironolactone, finasteride, cyproterone acetate (CPA), and metformin, have demonstrated beneficial effects in women with hormonally driven flares or hyperandrogenic comorbidities. Novel topical and systemic anti-androgen agents (finasteride, flutamide, clascoterone, leuprolide) are currently under investigation, but high-quality randomized controlled trials are Conclusions: Hidradenitis suppurativa remains a significant therapeutic challenge, with current pharmacological strategies providing only partial and often temporary disease control. Biologic agents offer substantial clinical improvement in refractory moderate to severe HS, whereas antibiotics and anti-androgen therapies remain valuable options in mild to moderate disease, albeit with limitations such as high relapse rates and potential adverse effects, including antimicrobial resistance. The complex and incompletely understood pathophysiology of HS highlights the urgent need for further research into immunologic, microbial, and hormonal pathways to facilitate the development of targeted and personalized treatment approaches.

Background: Spices like capsaicin, turmeric, ginger, piperine, garlic, and cinnamon have been used in cooking and folk medicine for centuries. Modern research shows their ergogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, aiding athletic performance, muscle recovery, and overall health. Aim: This review analyzes effects of these spices on physically active individuals (mechanisms, benefits, limitations). Materials and methods: Studies from PubMed, MDPI, Quality in Sport, and Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International on ergogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of capsaicin, turmeric, ginger, piperine, garlic, and cinnamon in physically active people. Results: Capsaicin shows thermogenic effects and supports fat metabolism, boosting exercise performance, but GI effects need study. Turmeric, via curcumin, offers anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, reducing muscle damage and speeding recovery despite low bioavailability. Ginger modulates cellular metabolism to aid muscle recovery and ease post-exercise pain. Piperine enhances nutrient bioavailability, improves muscle strength, and optimizes energy metabolism with low-risk toxicity. Garlic reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, strengthens immunity, and relieves muscle fatigue. Cinnamon provides hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties, improving glucose/lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health in athletes. Conclusions: These spices show promise as phytonutrients in sports medicine. Their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic effects enhance performance and recovery by increasing muscle strength, reducing DOMS, shortening recovery, and lowering inflammation. Synergies like piperine-curcumin amplify efficacy. Challenges like poor bioavailability (e.g., curcumin) and inconsistent evidence require rigorous studies for optimal dosages, formulations, and protocols.

Introduction and objective: In recent years, the negative impact of chronic stress on health and proper functioning of the human body has been increasingly discussed. This phenomenon is a growing problem that affects an increasingly larger part of society. The body's response to stress is the release of cortisol – a glucocorticoid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex, commonly referred to as the "stress hormone." The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of elevated cortisol levels on human organs and systems, as well as to discuss possible preventive measures aimed at reducing chronic stress levels, based on current literature data. State of knowledge: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, which plays a crucial role in various physiological processes of the body. Its release is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine system responsible for the body's response to stress and maintaining homeostasis. Chronic stress leads to disruptions in the proper regulation of cortisol secretion, which is associated with negative health consequences, such as metabolic disorders, obesity, progression of neurodegenerative diseases, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, and weakened immune response. Research also indicates a link between elevated cortisol levels and the occurrence of mood disorders, including anxiety and depression. Materials and methodology: Materials and methodology: The review is based on a thorough analysis of materials obtained from scientific databases "PubMed" and "Google Scholar," which serve as verified sources of information. Conclusion: In order to reduce excessive cortisol secretion and its negative effects on the body, it is important to effectively counteract chronic stress. Achieving this goal requires implementing effective coping strategies and lifestyle modifications that can help reduce the frequency of stress in daily functioning.

Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic mental disorder that affects up to 1% of the general population. Research suggests that the most effective therapeutic approach combines medication with non-pharmacological strategies. This review explores the impact of non-pharmacological treatment on the course of schizophrenia, including its effects on key symptoms, as well as patients' quality of life and overall life satisfaction. This article is a comprehensive review based on articles obtained from scientific databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, with sources selected based on their relevance and significance to the subject matter. The findings indicate that non-pharmacological treatments, including lifestyle modifications, psychosocial interventions, and neuromodulation training play a crucial role in improving the quality of life for individuals with schizophrenia. There is evidence supporting the reduction of both negative and positive symptoms, as well as an increased likelihood of returning to everyday activities. Non-pharmacological strategies are integral to the comprehensive management of schizophrenia. While the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions is well-established, current clinical guidelines also highlight the complementary role of non-pharmacological treatments, which contribute meaningfully to therapeutic outcomes and overall patient well-being.