This study presents the development and comprehensive characterization of biopolymer-based nanofibrous composites composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (CS), boric acid (BA), and a natural antifungal agent natamycin (NAT), designed for therapeutic applications. A dual-layer 3D-fiber composite (PVA/CS/BA_PVA/NAT) was successfully fabricated using a layer-by-layer 3D bioprinting technique and electro-spinning, integrating BA into the core matrix and NAT into the outer layer. Mechanical tests revealed a significantly improved elastic modulus of 763.04 ± 14.54 MPa and the highest ultimate tensile stress (50.45 ± 2.58 MPa) among all samples. Despite a moderate strain at break (11.77 ± 0.49%), the composite preserved sufficient elasticity suitable for biological interfaces. Morphological assessment via SEM confirmed the successful deposition of continuous and bead-free nanofibers, with controlled fiber alignment and reduced average fiber diameters, especially in the BA-incorporated structure. The dual-layered system displayed enhanced uniformity and structural coherence. The drug release analysis demonstrated sustained NAT delivery over a 90 min period. Kinetic modeling showed a high correlation with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (R² > 0.99), suggesting diffusion-controlled release, supported by the Korsmeyer–Peppas model’s Fickian diffusion exponent. In contrast, zero- and first-order models exhibited weaker fits, underscoring the relevance of a matrix-based release mechanism governed by the layered configuration. Crucially, antifungal assays against Candida albicans revealed substantial bioactivity. The PVA/CS/BA_PVA/NAT formulation achieved the largest inhibition zone (1.64 ± 0.13 cm), significantly outperforming single-layer controls such as PVA/CS/BA (1.25 ± 0.08 cm) and PVA/CS_PVA/NAT (1.43 ± 0.08 cm), while neat PVA exhibited no inhibition. These results confirm the synergistic antifungal efficacy of BA and NAT within the dual-layer structure. Together, these findings highlight the potential of the 3D-printed PVA/CS/BA_PVA/NAT composite as a mechanically robust, morphologically optimized, and bioactive platform for antifungal therapy and wound-healing applications.

Conducting materials based on carbon have been widely investigated in conducting tissue engineering applications due to their outstanding physical, chemical, thermal, and electric properties in recent years. Carbon based conductive materials can generate or respond to electrical signals, allowing them to provide controlled electrical stimulation to cells or tissues. Conductive tissue engineering (CTE) holds great promise for a wide range of applications, including nerve regeneration, cardiac tissue engineering, muscle tissue engineering and neural interfaces. In this review, recent progress in conducting tissue engineering applications by using these carbon-based materials in conducting tissue engineering including nerve tissue engineering, cardiac tissue engineering, muscle tissue engineering application were given in detail.

This study introduces a multilayered biofunctional tumor dressing designed for localized treatment after tumor resection. The system incorporates three therapeutic agents: doxorubicin (DOX) for anticancer action, amoxicillin (AMOX) for antibacterial protection, and ibuprofen (IBU) for anti‐inflammatory support. These drugs were loaded into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) matrices via a hybrid method combining 3D printing, electrospinning, and electrospraying. FTIR, SEM, and optical microscopy confirmed structural integrity. in vitro release at pH 7.4 and 37°C showed rapid DOX and AMOX release within 240 min, while IBU exhibited sustained release over 120 h. Mathematical modeling (zero‐order, first‐order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer–Peppas) indicated diffusion‐driven, matrix‐controlled kinetics. Encapsulation efficiencies exceeded 98%, affirming fabrication reliability. Antibacterial tests showed stronger activity against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli . Cytotoxicity results demonstrated selective toxicity, with 42.86% viability in CCD1072‐Sk fibroblasts and lower survival in MCF‐7 (25.63%) and A549 (23.76%) cancer cells. This multifunctional dressing enables spatial and temporal control over drug release to effectively manage residual tumor cells, infection, and inflammation, offering a promising strategy for postoperative cancer therapy with minimized systemic side effects.