Background: We aimed to evaluate the impact of national health programs implemented in Kazakhstan from 2011 on CVD incidence and mortality. Methods: Incidence and mortality rates from CVD were studied in Kazakhstan from 2004 to 2017. The official data obtained from “Medinform” company were analyzed based on the annual population statistics. Results: There was an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular disease among the population of Kazakhstan from 1845.4 per 100,000 in 2004 to 2597.5 per 100,000 in 2017. This might be attributed to the implementation of the national health programs, which improved early CVD identification. Incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) was grown almost in all provinces of Kazakhstan during the study period. The mortality from cardiovascular disease had a considerable decline over the study period, in particular after 2010, it might be influenced by early diagnosis and provision of timely treatment. Conclusion: The experience of Kazakhstan national health programs shows improved identification of CVD and IHD and timely treatment for cardiovascular disease. A significant variation in incidence and mortality rates of cardiovascular disease was observed between the country provinces.

Background: Antibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing global health challenges, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen associated with various infections. The growing resistance of S. aureus to traditional antibiotics, especially penicillin and ampicillin, poses a significant threat to effective treatment strategies. In clinical practice, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, particularly beta-lactams, has led to the emergence of resistant strains, necessitating continuous monitoring of resistance patterns. This study is aimed at evaluating the antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus isolates from different biological materials and assessing their sensitivity to various antibiotics, highlighting the need for localized resistance data to optimize empirical treatment regimens. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance and sensitivity patterns of S. aureus isolates from five different biological samples, focusing on identifying effective treatment options for different infection sites. Materials and Methods: This study included 726 clinical isolates of S. aureus obtained from five types of biological materials: sputum (n = 346), ENT samples (n = 322), cervical canal (n = 15), wound exudate (n = 6), and conjunctiva (n = 37). A total of 18 antibiotics were tested, representing various antibiotic classes such as beta-lactams, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, and others. The resistance and sensitivity rates were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics. Results: The results revealed high resistance of S. aureus to penicillin (16.9%) and ampicillin (11.7%), confirming the reduced clinical efficacy of these antibiotics. In contrast, linezolid, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and glycopeptides exhibited consistently high effectiveness across all biological materials, with linezolid and gentamicin showing sensitivity rates above 87%. Wound isolates displayed the highest sensitivity to gentamicin (100%) and ciprofloxacin (83.3%), while sputum and ENT samples showed greater resistance. Vancomycin and linezolid were highly effective against isolates from the cervical canal, while teicoplanin was particularly effective in eye isolates (89.2%). The study also highlighted a high level of resistance to beta-lactams and macrolides, confirming the widespread presence of beta-lactamase-producing strains in hospital settings. Conclusion: The study underscores the growing concern over S. aureus resistance, particularly to traditional antibiotics such as penicillin and ampicillin, and the importance of local resistance monitoring. The findings support the use of linezolid, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and glycopeptides as key antibiotics for the empirical treatment of S. aureus infections. These results highlight the necessity of incorporating local resistance data into treatment guidelines to reduce the risk of ineffective therapy. Введение: Антибиотикорезистентность является одной из самых острых проблем здравоохранения во всём мире, особенно в отношении Staphylococcus aureus, часто встречающегося возбудителя различных инфекций. Рост устойчивости S. aureus к традиционным антибиотикам, особенно к пенициллину и ампициллину, значительно снижает эффективность стандартных схем терапии. Необходимость в локальном мониторинге чувствительности штаммов становится всё более актуальной для выбора адекватного лечения. Цель: Оценить чувствительность и устойчивость S. aureus, выделенного из различных биологических материалов, к широкому спектру антибиотиков и определить наиболее эффективные препараты для эмпирической терапии. Материалы и методы: В исследование включены 726 клинических изолятов S. aureus, полученных из пяти видов биоматериалов: мокрота (n = 346), ЛОР-материалы (n = 322), цервикальный канал (n = 15), раневой экссудат (n = 6), конъюнктива (n = 37). Изучалась чувствительность к 18 антибиотикам, представляющим различные классы. Расчёт долей чувствительности и устойчивости выполнен с использованием Microsoft Excel и SPSS. Результаты: Установлена высокая устойчивость к пенициллину (16,9%) и ампициллину (11,7%), что подтверждает снижение их клинической значимости. Наиболее эффективными оказались линезолид, гентамицин, нитрофурантоин и гликопептиды (чувствительность выше 87%). В образцах из ран отмечена 100% чувствительность к гентамицину, а глазные изоляты продемонстрировали высокую чувствительность к тейкопланину (89,2%). Наибольшая устойчивость отмечена в мокроте и ЛОР-материалах, тогда как глазные и раневые изоляты были более чувствительными. Вывод: Результаты подтверждают глобальные тенденции роста...