Introduction. Bacteriological laboratories play a key role in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, the study of pathogenic microorganisms, and the development of prevention methods. Close collaboration between clinical microbiologists and attending physicians is necessary to optimize microbiological research. This article discusses the main areas of work of the bacteriological laboratory, diagnostic methods, and the role of laboratories in the fight against infectious diseases. The purpose of the study. To analyze the structure and properties of pathogens isolated from the patients' material and the choice of drugs for initial empirical antimicrobial therapy. Research materials and methods. A retrospective continuous copying of research results from the journals of the bacteriological laboratory of the Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases in Semey for 2024. Identification of pathogens obtained from various patient materials was carried out in accordance with the regulatory documents governing the work of bacteriological laboratories. Sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs was determined by the disco diffusion method. Statistical processing was carried out in the Excel program. The results of the study. In total, 37790 analyzes from 31689 individuals were performed in the bacteriological laboratory of Semey in 2024. The main areas of the laboratory's work were the isolation of salmonella, shigella, opportunistic pathogenic flora, pathogenic staphylococcus, feces for dysbiosis, pathogens of droplet infections (meningococcal infection, diphtheria, pertussis), blood tests, biomaterial studies for pathogenic flora, serological studies. In intestinal infections, pathogenic flora, conditionally pathogenic flora, pathogenic staphylococcus, and stool examination for dysbiosis were determined. Of airborne infections, studies were conducted on meningococcal infection, whooping cough and diphtheria. Blood tests for hemoculture and striality were carried out in the laboratory. The laboratory also conducted studies of various biomaterials for pathogenic flora: eyes, ENT organs, wounds, breast milk, genitals, urine, sputum, cadaverous material. The analysis of the microbial landscape revealed that bacteria from the genera of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Candida, Escherichia coli, etc. were most often isolated. The bacteriological laboratory performs serological studies. Conclusions. The work of specialists in microbiological laboratories plays a crucial role in the effective prevention and control of infections, since the identification of the pathogen allows doctors to prescribe treatment in a timely and effective manner and thereby prevent the spread of infections. Введение. Бактериологические лаборатории играют ключевую роль в диагностике инфекционных заболеваний, исследовании патогенных микроорганизмов и разработке методов профилактики. Для оптимизации микробиологических исследований необходимо тесное взаимодействие между клиническими микробиологами и лечащими врачами. В этой статье рассматриваются основные направления работы бактериологической лаборатории, методы диагностики и роль лабораторий в борьбе с инфекционными болезнями. Цель исследования. Провести анализ структуры и свойств возбудителей, выделяемых из материала больных и выбор препаратов для стартовой эмпирической антимикробной терапии. Материал и методы исследования. Проведена ретроспективная сплошная выкопировка результатов исследований из журналов бактериологической лаборатории Центра фтизиопульмонологии и инфекционных болезней г. Семей за 2024 год. Идентификацию возбудителей, полученных из различного материала больных, проводили согласно нормативным документам, регламентирующим работу бактериологических лабораторий. Определение чувствительности к антимикробным препаратам осуществлялось диско-диффузионным методом. Статистическая обработка проводилась в программе Excel. Результаты исследования. Всего за 2024 год по бактериологической лаборатории г. Семей было выполнено 37790 анализов от 31689 лиц. Основными направлениями работы лаборатории были выделение сальмонеллы, шигеллы, условно-патогенной флоры, патогенного стафилококка, кал на дисбактериоз, возбудителей капельных инфекций (менингококковая инфекция, дифтерия, коклюш), исследования крови, исследования биоматериала на патогенную флору, серологические исследования. При кишечных инфекциях определяли патогенную флору, условно патогенную флору, патогенный стафилококк и...

Background: Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and low subjective well-being are highly prevalent among older adults, but they are typically assessed separately, and their co-occurrence remains insufficiently explored, particularly in Central Asia. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and co-occurrence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and low subjective well-being among older adults in northeastern Kazakhstan and to identify associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 387 individuals aged 60 years and older. Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and well-being were screened using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), the Short Anxiety Screening Test (SAST), and the World Health Organization Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5), respectively. Analyses included Spearman’s rank correlation and multivariable binary logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms, elevated anxiety symptoms, and low subjective well-being was 22.7%, 20.7%, and 25.3%, respectively; at least one screening-positive indicator was identified in 36.4% of participants. Simultaneous screening positivity on all three indicators (10.3%) was the most common single pattern, exceeding the prevalence of any isolated indicator. Depressive and anxiety symptom scores were strongly positively correlated (r = 0.695, p < 0.001), and both were inversely correlated with well-being. Functional limitations in self-care and income level were independently associated with all three outcomes, with the strongest association observed for functional limitations (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 6.40; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.05–13.86). Conclusions: Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and low subjective well-being co-occurred more frequently than expected under statistical independence, indicating a co-occurring pattern of psycho-emotional vulnerability rather than entirely independent indicators. Screening focused on a single outcome may miss a substantial share of vulnerable older adults, underscoring the need for integrated detection and management at the primary health care level.

Background: Antibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing global health challenges, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen associated with various infections. The growing resistance of S. aureus to traditional antibiotics, especially penicillin and ampicillin, poses a significant threat to effective treatment strategies. In clinical practice, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, particularly beta-lactams, has led to the emergence of resistant strains, necessitating continuous monitoring of resistance patterns. This study is aimed at evaluating the antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus isolates from different biological materials and assessing their sensitivity to various antibiotics, highlighting the need for localized resistance data to optimize empirical treatment regimens. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance and sensitivity patterns of S. aureus isolates from five different biological samples, focusing on identifying effective treatment options for different infection sites. Materials and Methods: This study included 726 clinical isolates of S. aureus obtained from five types of biological materials: sputum (n = 346), ENT samples (n = 322), cervical canal (n = 15), wound exudate (n = 6), and conjunctiva (n = 37). A total of 18 antibiotics were tested, representing various antibiotic classes such as beta-lactams, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, and others. The resistance and sensitivity rates were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics. Results: The results revealed high resistance of S. aureus to penicillin (16.9%) and ampicillin (11.7%), confirming the reduced clinical efficacy of these antibiotics. In contrast, linezolid, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and glycopeptides exhibited consistently high effectiveness across all biological materials, with linezolid and gentamicin showing sensitivity rates above 87%. Wound isolates displayed the highest sensitivity to gentamicin (100%) and ciprofloxacin (83.3%), while sputum and ENT samples showed greater resistance. Vancomycin and linezolid were highly effective against isolates from the cervical canal, while teicoplanin was particularly effective in eye isolates (89.2%). The study also highlighted a high level of resistance to beta-lactams and macrolides, confirming the widespread presence of beta-lactamase-producing strains in hospital settings. Conclusion: The study underscores the growing concern over S. aureus resistance, particularly to traditional antibiotics such as penicillin and ampicillin, and the importance of local resistance monitoring. The findings support the use of linezolid, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and glycopeptides as key antibiotics for the empirical treatment of S. aureus infections. These results highlight the necessity of incorporating local resistance data into treatment guidelines to reduce the risk of ineffective therapy. Введение: Антибиотикорезистентность является одной из самых острых проблем здравоохранения во всём мире, особенно в отношении Staphylococcus aureus, часто встречающегося возбудителя различных инфекций. Рост устойчивости S. aureus к традиционным антибиотикам, особенно к пенициллину и ампициллину, значительно снижает эффективность стандартных схем терапии. Необходимость в локальном мониторинге чувствительности штаммов становится всё более актуальной для выбора адекватного лечения. Цель: Оценить чувствительность и устойчивость S. aureus, выделенного из различных биологических материалов, к широкому спектру антибиотиков и определить наиболее эффективные препараты для эмпирической терапии. Материалы и методы: В исследование включены 726 клинических изолятов S. aureus, полученных из пяти видов биоматериалов: мокрота (n = 346), ЛОР-материалы (n = 322), цервикальный канал (n = 15), раневой экссудат (n = 6), конъюнктива (n = 37). Изучалась чувствительность к 18 антибиотикам, представляющим различные классы. Расчёт долей чувствительности и устойчивости выполнен с использованием Microsoft Excel и SPSS. Результаты: Установлена высокая устойчивость к пенициллину (16,9%) и ампициллину (11,7%), что подтверждает снижение их клинической значимости. Наиболее эффективными оказались линезолид, гентамицин, нитрофурантоин и гликопептиды (чувствительность выше 87%). В образцах из ран отмечена 100% чувствительность к гентамицину, а глазные изоляты продемонстрировали высокую чувствительность к тейкопланину (89,2%). Наибольшая устойчивость отмечена в мокроте и ЛОР-материалах, тогда как глазные и раневые изоляты были более чувствительными. Вывод: Результаты подтверждают глобальные тенденции роста...