Sunscreen protects skin from harmful Ultra Violet (UV) rays, preventing skin diseases like cancer and premature aging. This review explores the role of nanotechnology in enhancing sunscreen formulations by incorporating green and sustainable ingredients. Nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide effectively reflect UV rays, improving protection while minimizing white residue, thereby enhancing aesthetics, stability, and efficacy. Recent advancements in formulation include lipid-based and polymer-based nanosystems that improve the delivery of active ingredients, offering multifunctional benefits. Additionally, modern sunscreens integrate anti-aging and antioxidant properties, reflecting the trend toward hybrid formulations with multiple skin benefits. The review also examines recent patents, highlighting innovations in nanotechnology-driven sunscreen formulations and delivery systems. Safety and regulatory concerns are critically analyzed, focusing on public perception of nanoparticles and their environmental impact. Issues such as manufacturing challenges and consumer hesitancy toward nano-scaled formulations due to safety considerations are also discussed. While nanotechnology presents significant potential in advancing sun protection, the review underscores the importance of balancing innovation with safety and sustainability. Ultimately, it serves as a guide for future research directions in nano-based sunscreens, advocating for responsible and informed development in the field.

Background: The metal ion complexes of meropenem and cefixime with cadmium, silver, palladium, zinc, nickel, cobalt and copper were synthesized and characterized by UV, FTIR and H^1-NMR spectrophotometry. The antibacterial effects of the complexes were studied using cup and plate method against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae for normal and resistant strains of bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the metal ion complexes was determined by broth dilution method. Results: UV spectroscopic studies suggested that meropenem ligand form complex with different metal ions and FTIR spectrum confirmed the proposed structure. Similarly, UV spectrum of cefixime metal ion complexes at λ_max 202–295 nm and meropenem metal ion complexes at λ_max 249–304 nm was observed in all the complexes. FTIR peaks for a proposed structure were observed in all the meropenem and cefixime metal ion, indicating the formation of complexes, and retained the functional groups of drugs. Meropenem as well as cefixime metal ion complexes exhibited more antibacterial activity against all the selected bacterial strains. Specifically, the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae was observed to be 100 and 150 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the meropenem and cefixime metal complexes can exhibit the better treatment than individual drug on normal as well as resistant bacteria.

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global public health challenge driven by inappropriate and excessive antimicrobial use (AMU) across human, animal, and environmental sectors. Method: This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence on antimicrobial utilization and resistance patterns. A structured search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eligible sources included surveillance reports, registry-based analyses, and clinical studies. Data were qualitatively analyzed to identify key trends and regional variations. Result: Marked geographical variation in AMR was observed. Carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli remains low globally (2–3%) but is higher in Southeast Asia (17–18%) and India (~40%). Klebsiella pneumoniae shows consistently high resistance (>40% globally; ~54% in India), while Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits stable resistance levels (35–45%). Resistance prevalence increases from primary to tertiary care settings, reflecting greater antimicrobial exposure. Vulnerable populations—including pediatric, elderly, pregnant, and immunocompromised patients—face higher risks of antimicrobial exposure and adverse outcomes, including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and microbiome disruption. WHO AWaRe data indicate a global shift toward increased use of Watch-category antibiotics. Stewardship interventions, such as audit and feedback, prescribing restrictions, rapid diagnostics, and decision support systems, effectively reduce inappropriate AMU. Conclusions: Integrated, data-driven antimicrobial stewardship and robust surveillance systems are essential to mitigate the global burden of AMR.

Introduction: This study focused on the potential effects of compression forces experienced during lactose (InhaLac 70, 120, and 230) storage and transport on the flowability and aerosol performance in dry powder inhaler formulation. Materials and Methods: Lactose was subjected to typical compression forces 4, 10, and 20 N/cm ² . Powder flowability and particle size distribution analysis of un-compressed and compressed lactose was evaluated by Carr's index, Hausner's ratio, the angle of repose and by laser diffraction method. Aerosol performance of un-compressed and compressed lactose was assessed in dispersion studies using glass twin-stage-liquid-impenger at flow rate 40-80 L/min. Results: At compression forces, the flowability of compressed lactose was observed same or slightly improved. Furthermore, compression of lactose caused a decrease in in vitro aerosol dispersion performance. Conclusion: The present study illustrates that, as carrier size increases, a concurrent decrease in drug aerosolization performance was observed. Thus, the compression of the lactose fines onto the surfaces of the larger lactose particles due to compression pressures was hypothesized to be the cause of these observed performance variations. The simulations of storage and transport in an industrial scale can induce significant variations in formulation performance, and it could be a source of batch-to-batch variations.