Objectives: This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the physiological effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation combined with resistance training on the lipid profile, inflammatory and antioxidant responses, neuro-biomarkers, and physical performance parameters in physically healthy young adults. Methods: Thirty physically active male participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (omega-3 + resistance training) or a control group (resistance training only). Over eight weeks, both groups performed a standardized resistance training program three times per week. The experimental group additionally received 3150 mg/day of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA). Pre- and post-intervention assessments included blood biomarkers (LDL, HDL, triglycerides, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, GSH, MDA, BDNF, serotonin, and dopamine) and physical performance tests (1RM, CMJ, RSI, 10 m sprint, and Illinois agility). Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in the lipid profile, with decreases in LDL and triglyceride levels and an increase in HDL levels. Levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly reduced, while GSH levels increased and MDA levels decreased, indicating an enhanced antioxidant status. The neuro-biomarker analysis revealed increased levels of BDNF, dopamine, and serotonin. Physical performance tests demonstrated greater improvements in muscular strength, power, speed, agility, and reaction-based performance in the omega-3 group compared to controls. Conclusions: These findings suggest that omega-3 supplementation, when combined with resistance training, has a multi-systemic enhancing effect on both physiological markers and physical performance. This combination may represent a promising strategy for optimizing athletic adaptations and recovery in physically active populations. Future studies should further explore these effects across different populations and training modalities.

Breaking is a physically demanding discipline characterized by repeated high-intensity movements and substantial anaerobic demands. This study aimed to examine the effects of four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation on anaerobic performance and fatigue-related responses in competitive break dancers. Twenty-four male competitive break dancers participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Participants completed two supplementation conditions: beta-alanine (6.4 g·day⁻¹) and placebo (6.4 g·day⁻¹ maltodextrin), each lasting four weeks and separated by a two-week washout period. Performance was assessed before and after each phase using a standardized testing sequence consisting of a pre-exercise countermovement jump, the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test, a post-exercise countermovement jump, and ratings of perceived exertion. Significant condition × time interactions were observed for countermovement jump performance and Running Anaerobic Sprint Test mean power (p < 0.001). Post-exercise countermovement jump performance also improved following beta-alanine supplementation. However, an additional analysis of within-session countermovement jump loss (Post-CMJ − Pre-CMJ) did not demonstrate a significant attenuation of acute neuromuscular fatigue compared with placebo (p = 0.748). In addition, fatigue index and ratings of perceived exertion were significantly reduced compared with placebo (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that beta-alanine supplementation enhances anaerobic performance, improves countermovement jump performance, and reduces fatigue index and perceived exertion in competitive break dancers. Therefore, beta-alanine may be considered an effective ergogenic strategy for sports involving repeated high-intensity intermittent efforts.

Sporcu beslenmesi, günümüzde yalnızca enerji gereksiniminin karşılanmasına odaklanan geleneksel yaklaşımın ötesine geçerek performans optimizasyonu, toparlanmanın hızlandırılması, sakatlık riskinin azaltılması ve uzun dönem sporcu sağlığının korunmasını amaçlayan multidisipliner bir bilim alanı hâline gelmiştir. Bu bölümde modern sporcu beslenmesinin temel ilkeleri ile Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi (IOC) ve Uluslararası Spor Beslenmesi Derneği (ISSN) tarafından önerilen kanıta dayalı beslenme yaklaşımları kapsamlı biçimde değerlendirilmiştir. Enerji kullanılabilirliği, beslenme periodizasyonu, bireyselleştirilmiş beslenme, Göreceli Enerji Yetersizliği Sendromu (RED-S) ve "Food First" yaklaşımı güncel bilimsel veriler doğrultusunda açıklanmıştır. Bölümün devamında performans üzerindeki etkinliği güçlü bilimsel kanıtlarla desteklenen kreatin, kafein, beta-alanin, diyet nitratı ve sodyum bikarbonat gibi ergojenik desteklerin fizyolojik etki mekanizmaları, kullanım alanları ve performans üzerindeki etkileri sistematik derlemeler ve meta-analizler ışığında incelenmiştir. Ayrıca taurin, kersetin, hesperidin, astaksantin, nikotinamid mononükleotid (NMN) ve keton esterleri gibi gelişmekte olan ergojenik desteklerin mevcut kanıt düzeyi, potansiyel fizyolojik etkileri ve gelecekteki araştırma gereksinimleri ele alınmıştır. Bölüm, besin desteklerinin yalnızca güçlü bilimsel kanıt bulunduğunda, bireysel gereksinimler doğrultusunda ve uzman rehberliğinde kullanılması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Sonuç olarak modern sporcu beslenmesinde başarı; doğru beslenme planlamasının, kişiselleştirilmiş uygulamaların ve bilimsel etkinliği kanıtlanmış ergojenik desteklerin uygun zamanda ve uygun dozlarda kullanılmasına bağlıdır. Kanıta dayalı yaklaşımın benimsenmesi yalnızca sportif performansın artırılmasına değil, aynı zamanda sporcu sağlığının korunmasına, güvenli besin desteği kullanımına ve sürdürülebilir sportif başarının desteklenmesine de önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır.

PAPE is a physiological phenomenon that temporarily enhances muscular strength and responsiveness following high-intensity muscle activity. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a PAPE protocol combined with taurine supplementation on anaerobic performance, blood lactate levels, and neuromuscular fatigue in highly trained male wrestlers. Twenty elite male wrestlers participated in a double-blind, crossover design comprising three separate sessions: (i) control with no supplementation or PAPE protocol (CON), (ii) PAPE protocol with placebo (PAPE*PLA), and (iii) PAPE protocol with taurine supplementation (PAPE*TAU). In the PAPE*PLA and PAPE*TAU conditions, participants completed 3 sets of 8 repetitions of squat and hip thrust exercises at 85% of their one-repetition maximum. Either a taurine supplement or a sucrose placebo was administered 60 minutes before the protocol. Five minutes after the PAPE protocol, the Wingate anaerobic power (WanT) test was conducted, while CMJ tests were performed before (CMJ-pre), immediately after (CMJ-post), and five minutes following (CMJ-post-5) the WanT. The PAPE*TAU condition resulted in significantly higher peak power output (16.76% increase; p = 0.048) and power relative to body mass (22.24% increase; p = 0.028) compared to PAPE*PLA and CON. Additionally, post-test blood lactate levels were significantly lower in the PAPE*TAU condition (p < 0.05), and CMJ performance was significantly better post-exercise (p < 0.05), indicating reduced neuromuscular fatigue. In conclusion, the combination of the PAPE protocol with taurine supplementation enhances anaerobic performance, supports neuromuscular function, and promotes metabolic recovery following high-intensity exercise. These findings suggest a synergistic effect that may benefit athletes engaged in explosive and anaerobic sports such as wrestling.

Effective management of sports injuries depends on accurate diagnosis and a personalized rehabilitation program. The primary goal of rehabilitation is to safely return the athlete to sports, prevent recurrent injuries, and fully restore functional capacity. The rehabilitation process typically begins with controlling pain and inflammation, followed by restoring joint mobility, increasing muscle strength, improving proprioception, and continuing with sport-specific exercises. A multidisciplinary approach requires collaboration between physical therapists, orthopedists, sports physicians, and athletic trainers. Biomechanical analyses and objective measurements to assess progress enhance the effectiveness of rehabilitation. Psychological support is also critical in helping athletes maintain motivation throughout the recovery process.