In previous studies, the effect of single or combined intake of caffeine (CAF) and taurine (TAU) on exercise performance was investigated. However, the potential synergistic effect on physical and cognitive performance after fatigue induced by anaerobic exercise is unknown. The effects of single and combination CAF and TAU supplementation on the Wingate test in elite male boxers and to evaluate balance, agility and cognitive performance after fatigue are being investigated for the first time in this study. Twenty elite male boxers 22.14 ± 1.42 years old were divided into four groups in this double-blind, randomized crossover study: CAF (6 mg/kg of caffeine), TAU (3 g single dose of taurine), CAF*TAU (co-ingestion of 3 g single dose of taurine and 6 mg/kg of caffeine) and PLA (300 mg maltodextrin). The findings are as follows: co-ingestion of CAF*TAU, improved peak (W/kg), average (W), minimum (W) power, time to reach (s), and RPE performances compared to the PLA group significantly (p < 0.05). Similarly, it was determined that a single dose of TAU, created a significant difference (p < 0.05) in peak power (W/kg), and average and minimum power (W) values compared to the CAF group. According to the balance and agility tests performed after the Wingate test, co-ingestion of CAF*TAU revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the PLA group. In terms of cognitive performance, co-ingestion of CAF*TAU significantly improved the neutral reaction time (ms) compared to the TAU, CAF and PLA groups. As a result, elite male boxers performed better in terms of agility, balance and cognitive function when they consumed a combination of 6 mg/kg CAF and 3 g TAU. It has been determined that the combined use of these supplements is more effective than their single use.

Background: This study aims to determine and compare the effects of exercise modalities with different intensities on the secretion of key inflammation and hypoxia markers in amateur athletes.Methods: Twenty-three athletes with a mean age of 20.1 years, living at low altitude (1850 m) participated in this study. The participants' maximal oxygen consumption values (VO₂max) were determined with an incremental cycle exercise test as 54.15 ± 6.14 mL kg min⁻¹. Athletes performed four protocols: at rest, 50% VO₂max, 75% VO₂max and 100% VO₂max (until exhaustion) with one-week intervals. 50% VO₂max, 75% VO₂max sessions were performed continuously for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer and 100% VO₂max session was performed by cycling until exhaustion. Blood samples were obtained at rest and immediately after each exercise session. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) levels were measured.Results: There were significant differences in serum TNF-α levels in 75% VO₂max and 100% VO₂max sessions (489.03 ± 368.37 and 472.70 ± 365.21 ng/L, respectively) compared to rest conditions (331.65 ± 293.52 ng/L). Serum CRP levels of 50% VO₂max and 75% VO₂max sessions (1.19 ± 0.50; 1.07 ± 0.52 mg/L) were significantly higher than the rest condition (0.74 ± 0.35 mg/L). There were significant differences in serum IL-10 levels of rest condition and 50% VO₂max; 50% VO₂max, and 100% VO₂max sessions (328.09 ± 128.87; 446.36 ± 142.84; 347.44 ± 135.69; 324.88 ± 168.06 pg/mL). Serum HIF-1α levels were significantly higher in 75% VO2 max session compared to rest (1.26 ± 0.16; 1.08 ± 0.19 ng/mL) (P < 0.05 for all comparisons).Conclusions: Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathway is induced on different exercise intensities. Exercise protocols performed until exhaustion may lead to activation of inflammatory pathways and hypoxia-induced damage.

Objectives: This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the physiological effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation combined with resistance training on the lipid profile, inflammatory and antioxidant responses, neuro-biomarkers, and physical performance parameters in physically healthy young adults. Methods: Thirty physically active male participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (omega-3 + resistance training) or a control group (resistance training only). Over eight weeks, both groups performed a standardized resistance training program three times per week. The experimental group additionally received 3150 mg/day of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA). Pre- and post-intervention assessments included blood biomarkers (LDL, HDL, triglycerides, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, GSH, MDA, BDNF, serotonin, and dopamine) and physical performance tests (1RM, CMJ, RSI, 10 m sprint, and Illinois agility). Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in the lipid profile, with decreases in LDL and triglyceride levels and an increase in HDL levels. Levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly reduced, while GSH levels increased and MDA levels decreased, indicating an enhanced antioxidant status. The neuro-biomarker analysis revealed increased levels of BDNF, dopamine, and serotonin. Physical performance tests demonstrated greater improvements in muscular strength, power, speed, agility, and reaction-based performance in the omega-3 group compared to controls. Conclusions: These findings suggest that omega-3 supplementation, when combined with resistance training, has a multi-systemic enhancing effect on both physiological markers and physical performance. This combination may represent a promising strategy for optimizing athletic adaptations and recovery in physically active populations. Future studies should further explore these effects across different populations and training modalities.

Background: Glucose meters are used for two purposes: point-of-care testing and the self-monitoring of glucose, both of which are very important in the management of diabetes, hypoglycemia, or hyperglycemia and in therapeutic decisions. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the test reliability of glucose meters and to compare their results with those of the clinical laboratory method. Material and methods: Evaluation was made of five different types of glucose meters which are generally used for hospitalized patients. Capillary and venous specimens were obtained concurrently from each patient. The former were analyzed in the glucose meters, and the latter in the laboratory analyzer. Results: Of 1837 glucose meters read-outs, 1748 capillary and venous comparisons were evaluated. The majority of the glucose meter measurements were within acceptable limits. The error percentage distribution of glucose meters indicated that the accuracy of glucose meters is higher in the prediabetic/diabetic measurement range than at normo-/hypoglycemic levels. Conclusion: In general, the glucose meters and laboratory method were observed to be compatible. However, health care professionals and self-monitoring diabetic patients should be aware of the evaluation of glucose meter results, and should cross-check, as frequently as possible, with laboratory values.