Attenuation and group delay effects on millimeter wave (MMW) propagation in clouds and fog are studied theoretically and verified experimentally using high resolution radar in an indoor space filled with artificial fog. In the theoretical analysis, the frequency-dependent attenuation and group delay were derived via the permittivity of the medium. The results are applied to modify the millimeter-wave propagation model (MPM) and employed to study the effect of fog and cloud on the accuracy of the Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar operating in millimeter wavelengths. Artificial fog was generated in the experimental study to demonstrate ultra-low visibility in a confined space. The resulted attenuation and group delay were measured using FMCW radar operating at 320–330 GHz. It was found that apart from the attenuation, the incremental group delay caused by the fog also played a role in the accuracy of the radar. The results were compared to the analytical model. It was shown that although the artificial fog has slight different characteristics compare to the natural fog and clouds, in particle composition, size, and density, the model predictions were good, pointing out that the dispersive effects should be considered in the design of remote sensing radars operating in millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths.

The propagation of millimeter (MMW) and submillimeter (terahertz, THz) waves in the atmosphere is subject to absorptive and dispersive effects. The resulting attenuation and temporal group delay increase in cloudy and hazy weather. In this work, the effects of water droplets suspended in the air on the propagation of electromagnetic radiation in submillimeter waves are studied theoretically and experimentally. A comparison is made between the link budget in THz frequencies and the expected attenuation for free space optics (FSO) links. Using the modified millimeter-wave propagation model, the frequency-dependent attenuation and group delay are expressed in terms of the complex refractivity of the atmospheric medium. The theory is employed to study the effect of fog and clouds on the accuracy of a frequency-modulated continuous-wave high-resolution radar operating at 330 GHz. In an experiment, the propagation of MMW was studied in a controlled fog chamber for various ranges of visibility, even below 1 m. The resulting attenuation and group delay of submillimeter waves were measured, while the properties of fog (optical visibility distance and water content) were monitored using FSO techniques. Apart from attenuation, the incremental group delay caused by fog also affected the accuracy of the radar. The experimental results were compared with those of an analytical model and were in good agreement even for very low visibility in very foggy conditions. Dispersive effects should be considered in the design of remote sensing radars operating in the MMW and THz regimes.

Controlled experiments were conducted to examine the effect of fog on signal propagation in wireless communication and radar links operating in millimeter wavelengths. The experiments were carried out in a fog laboratory to verify theoretical results obtained from Liebe’s model. Attenuation and phase shifts of millimeter wave (mmW) radiation were measured, at different fog density characterized by the visibility distance and its water vapor content. Utilizing a vector network analyzer (VNA) enabled us to examine the actual atmospheric attenuation and the phase shift caused by the fog retardation. The experimental results demonstrate good agreement with the simulations even for very low visibility in highly dense fog. The study can be used to estimate link budget of mmW wireless links, including those allocated for the fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks.

The development of millimeter wave communication links and the allocation of bands within the Extremely High Frequency (EHF) range for the next generation cellular network present significant challenges due to the unique propagation effects emerging in this regime of frequencies. This includes susceptibility to amplitude and phase distortions caused by weather conditions. In the current paper, the widely used Orthogonal Division Frequency Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission scheme is tested for resilience against weather-induced attenuation and phase shifts, focusing on the effect of rainfall rates. Operating frequency bands, channel bandwidth, and other modulation parameters were selected according to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Specification. The performance and the quality of the wireless link is analyzed via constellation diagram and BER (Bit Error Rate) performance chart. Simulation results indicate that OFDM channel performance can be significantly improved by consideration of the local atmospheric conditions while decoding the information by the receiver demodulator. It is also demonstrated that monitoring the weather conditions and employing a corresponding phase compensation assist in the correction of signal distortions caused by the atmospheric dispersion, and consequently leads to a lower bit error rate.

Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers are widely used in various applications, including gravity measurements. However, their accuracy is often limited by factors such as noise, temperature sensitivity, and calibration errors. This study presents methods to enhance the precision of MEMS accelerometers in measuring gravitational force. By implementing calibration techniques, noise filtering, and temperature stabilization, we achieved a significant reduction in measurement errors. Experimental results demonstrated that addressing low-frequency noise and temperature variations improved measurement accuracy to better than three decimal places, making the system suitable for high-precision applications such as digital inclinometers. The findings indicate that while MEMS accelerometers can be optimized for more accurate gravitational measurements, achieving even higher precision requires further refinements in noise reduction techniques.

This paper presents a simple method for measuring delay time in visual prostheses, enabling system engineers to optimize performance and provide real-time visual compensation for a more natural user experience.