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Previous researchers found that bulk coal combustion for heating was considered as one of the most important sources of air pollution, and the replacement of coal combustion resulted in significant air quality improvement, health benefits and the reduction of CO2 emission. The clean heating forms an essential part of the energy revolution, thereby significantly influencing the rural lifestyle. The pilot program for clean heating has been launched recently. However, various challenges have remained which cannot be ignored. This study critically reviews the implications, research situation, technology, and methods associated with clean heating during winter season in Northern China. The status, technical routes, and various clean heating technologies in Northern China was introduced. The authors analyzed the advantages, disadvantages, and economics of various heating systems/methods, such as the air-source heat pumps, electric heating system, wall-mounted natural gas heater system, biomass pyrolysis cogeneration clean heating. The environmental benefits of clean heating options during winter in Northern China were evaluated based on the extensive analysis. The suggestions were presented regarding the promotion of clean heating technology.
Zongxi Zhang; Yuguang Zhou; Nan Zhao; Huan Li; Bahargul Tohniyaz; Philbert Mperejekumana; Quan Hong; Rucong Wu; Gang Li; Muhammad Sultan; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan; Jinxin Cao; Riaz Ahmad; Renjie Dong. Clean heating during winter season in Northern China: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 149, 111339 .
AMA StyleZongxi Zhang, Yuguang Zhou, Nan Zhao, Huan Li, Bahargul Tohniyaz, Philbert Mperejekumana, Quan Hong, Rucong Wu, Gang Li, Muhammad Sultan, Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan, Jinxin Cao, Riaz Ahmad, Renjie Dong. Clean heating during winter season in Northern China: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 149 ():111339.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZongxi Zhang; Yuguang Zhou; Nan Zhao; Huan Li; Bahargul Tohniyaz; Philbert Mperejekumana; Quan Hong; Rucong Wu; Gang Li; Muhammad Sultan; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan; Jinxin Cao; Riaz Ahmad; Renjie Dong. 2021. "Clean heating during winter season in Northern China: A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 149, no. : 111339.
Although severe air pollution has been recognised to be associated with coal combustion, coal is still the main living energy for domestic purposes because of the living habits and low fuel price. Pollutant emission control incoal combustion is urgently needed in the residential sector. In this study, the combustion performanceand gaseous pollutant emissions of a natural draft stove with cross-draft combustor were determined using Shenmu raw coal under different sieved sizes (8–16 mm, 16–20 mm, 20–25 mm, and 25–50 mm). The results showed that the particle size of coal had different effects on firepower and energy efficiency. The coal fuel with a large particle size (25–50 mm) achieved the highest energy efficiency of 82.0%, while the firepower was limited to 13.4 kW. Reducing particle size was helpful to increase the firepower. Low emission factors of CO, NO and SO2 were found in this combustion system with large size coal fuel and the changes were nonlinear. Moreover, manual operation played an important role in pollutant emissions. The heating phase with steady combustion released fewer gaseous pollutants than the ignition and complex cooking/heating phase. These results can provide support for the research on the matching of stoves and coal fuels to deliver clean combustion performance.
Huan Li; Huawei Mou; Nan Zhao; Deying Chen; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong. Impact of fuel size on combustion performance and gaseous pollutant emissions from solid fuel in a domestic cross-draft gasifier stove. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 2021, 1 -12.
AMA StyleHuan Li, Huawei Mou, Nan Zhao, Deying Chen, Yuguang Zhou, Renjie Dong. Impact of fuel size on combustion performance and gaseous pollutant emissions from solid fuel in a domestic cross-draft gasifier stove. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2021; ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuan Li; Huawei Mou; Nan Zhao; Deying Chen; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong. 2021. "Impact of fuel size on combustion performance and gaseous pollutant emissions from solid fuel in a domestic cross-draft gasifier stove." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry , no. : 1-12.
Maize straw is a valuable renewable energy source. The rapid and accurate determination of its yield and spatial distribution can promote improved utilization. At present, traditional straw estimation methods primarily rely on statistical analysis that may be inaccurate. In this study, the Gaofen 6 (GF-6) satellite, which combines high resolution and wide field of view (WFV) imaging characteristics, was used as the information source, and the quantity of maize straw resources and spatial distribution characteristics in Qihe County were analyzed. According to the phenological characteristics of the study area, seven classification classes were determined, including maize, buildings, woodlands, wastelands, water, roads, and other crops, to explore the influence of sample separation and test the responsiveness to different land cover types with different waveband combinations. Two supervised classification methods, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), were used to classify the study area, and the influence of the newly added band of GF-6 WFV on the classification accuracy of the study area was analyzed. Furthermore, combined with field surveys and agricultural census data, a method for estimating the quantity of maize straw and analyzing the spatial distribution based on a single-temporal remote sensing image and random forests was proposed. Finally, the accuracy of the measurement results is evaluated at the county level. The results showed that the RF model made better use of the newly added bands of GF-6 WFV and improved the accuracy of classification, compared with the SVM model; the two red-edge bands improved the accuracy of crop classification and recognition; the purple and yellow bands identified non-vegetation more effectively than vegetation, thus minimizing the “salt-and-pepper noise” of classification results. However, the changes to total classification accuracy were not obvious; the theoretical quantity of maize straw in Qihe County in 2018 was 586.08 kt, which reflects an error of only 2.42% compared to the statistical result. Hence, the RF model based on single-temporal GF-6 WFV can effectively estimate regional maize straw yield and spatial distribution, which lays a theoretical foundation for straw recycling.
Huawei Mou; Huan Li; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong. Response of Different Band Combinations in Gaofen-6 WFV for Estimating of Regional Maize Straw Resources Based on Random Forest Classification. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4603 .
AMA StyleHuawei Mou, Huan Li, Yuguang Zhou, Renjie Dong. Response of Different Band Combinations in Gaofen-6 WFV for Estimating of Regional Maize Straw Resources Based on Random Forest Classification. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuawei Mou; Huan Li; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong. 2021. "Response of Different Band Combinations in Gaofen-6 WFV for Estimating of Regional Maize Straw Resources Based on Random Forest Classification." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4603.
Solid biofuel is considered as a possible substitute for coal in household heat production because of the available and sustainable raw materials, while NOx emissions from its combustion have become a serious problem. Nitrogen-containing compounds in pyrolysis products have important effects on the conversion of fuel-N into NOx-N. Understanding these converting pathways is important for the environmentally friendly use of biomass fuels. The nitrogen migration during pyrolysis of raw and acid leached maize straw at various temperatures was investigated in this study. Thermal gravimetric analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to investigate the performances of thermal decomposition and pyrolysis products from samples. The main nitrogen functional groups in biomass and biochar products were N-A (amine-N/amide-N/protein-N), pyridine-N, and pyrrole-N, according to the findings. The most common gaseous NOx precursor was NH3, which was produced primarily during the conversion of N-A to pyridine-N and pyrrole-N. The formation of HCN mainly came from the secondary decomposition of heterocyclic-N at high temperatures. Before the pyrolysis temperature increased to 650 °C, more than half of the fuel-N was stored in the biochar. At the same pyrolysis temperature, acid-leached maize straw yielded more gas-N and char-N than the raw biomass. The highest char-N yield of 76.39 wt% was obtained from acid-leached maize straw (AMS) pyrolysis at 350 °C. Low pyrolysis temperature and acid-leaching treatment can help to decrease nitrogen release from stable char structure, providing support for reducing nitrogenous pollutant emissions from straw fuel.
Huan Li; Huawei Mou; Nan Zhao; Yaohong Yu; Quan Hong; Mperejekumana Philbert; Yuguang Zhou; Hossein Dizaji; Renjie Dong. Nitrogen Migration during Pyrolysis of Raw and Acid Leached Maize Straw. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3786 .
AMA StyleHuan Li, Huawei Mou, Nan Zhao, Yaohong Yu, Quan Hong, Mperejekumana Philbert, Yuguang Zhou, Hossein Dizaji, Renjie Dong. Nitrogen Migration during Pyrolysis of Raw and Acid Leached Maize Straw. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3786.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuan Li; Huawei Mou; Nan Zhao; Yaohong Yu; Quan Hong; Mperejekumana Philbert; Yuguang Zhou; Hossein Dizaji; Renjie Dong. 2021. "Nitrogen Migration during Pyrolysis of Raw and Acid Leached Maize Straw." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3786.
Developing a green and sustainable method to upgrade biogas wastes into high value-added products is attracting more and more public attention. The application of solid residues as a performance enhancer in the manufacture of biofilms is a prospective way to replace conventional plastic based on fossil fuel. In this work, solid digestates from the anaerobic digestion of agricultural wastes, such as straw, cattle and chicken manures, were pretreated by an ultrasonic thermo-alkaline treatment to remove the nonfunctional compositions and then incorporated in plasticized starch paste to prepare mulching biofilms by the solution casting method. The results indicated that solid digestate particles dispersed homogenously in the starch matrix and gradually aggregated under the action of a hydrogen bond, leading to a transformation of the composites to a high crystalline structure. Consequently, the composite biofilm showed a higher tensile strength, elastic modulus, glass transition temperature and degradation temperature compared to the pure starch-based film. The light, water and GHG (greenhouse gas) barrier properties of the biofilm were also reinforced by the addition of solid digestates, performing well in sustaining the soil quality and minimizing N2O or CH4 emissions. As such, recycling solid digestates into a biodegradable plastic substitute not only creates a new business opportunity by producing high-performance biofilms but also reduces the environmental risk caused by biogas waste and plastics pollution.
Nan Zhao; Huawei Mou; Yuguang Zhou; Xinxin Ju; Shoujun Yang; Shan Liu; Renjie Dong. Upgrading Solid Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural Waste as Performance Enhancer for Starch-Based Mulching Biofilm. Molecules 2021, 26, 832 .
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Huawei Mou, Yuguang Zhou, Xinxin Ju, Shoujun Yang, Shan Liu, Renjie Dong. Upgrading Solid Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural Waste as Performance Enhancer for Starch-Based Mulching Biofilm. Molecules. 2021; 26 (4):832.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Huawei Mou; Yuguang Zhou; Xinxin Ju; Shoujun Yang; Shan Liu; Renjie Dong. 2021. "Upgrading Solid Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural Waste as Performance Enhancer for Starch-Based Mulching Biofilm." Molecules 26, no. 4: 832.
Germany (DE) and China (CN) have different political approaches in supporting the biogas sector. Three German and three Chinese large-scale biogas plants (BGPs) were evaluated as part of a year-round monitoring program. Laboratory methods were utilized to analyze the chemical indicators. Results showed a stable anaerobic digestion process without system failures in all BGPs. The methane yield had a range of 0.23–0.35 m3 CH4/kgODM for DE BGPs and 0.11–0.22 m3 CH4/kgODM for CN BGPs, due to different substrates and working temperatures. Financial analyses indicated that DE BGPs are viable under their current feed-in tariffs contracts. Their financial internal rate of return (IRR) ranged between 8 and 22%. However, all CN BGPs had negative IRRs, indicating that they are financially unfeasible. Risk analyses illustrated that DE BGPs will face financial nonviability if benefits decrease by 9–33% or costs increase by 10–49%, or if a combined worse case (benefit decrease and cost increase) of 5–20% occurs. Incentives to BGP operations are particularly important in China, where the government should consider switching the construction-based subsidy to a performance-based subsidy system to motivate the operators. BGP monitoring is necessary to understand the performance, in addition to briefing policymakers in case a policy reform is needed.
Lijun Zhou; Benedikt Hülsemann; Zhiyang Cui; Wolfgang Merkle; Christian Sponagel; Yuguang Zhou; Jianbin Guo; Renjie Dong; Joachim Müller; Hans Oechsner. Operating Performance of Full-Scale Agricultural Biogas Plants in Germany and China: Results of a Year-Round Monitoring Program. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 1271 .
AMA StyleLijun Zhou, Benedikt Hülsemann, Zhiyang Cui, Wolfgang Merkle, Christian Sponagel, Yuguang Zhou, Jianbin Guo, Renjie Dong, Joachim Müller, Hans Oechsner. Operating Performance of Full-Scale Agricultural Biogas Plants in Germany and China: Results of a Year-Round Monitoring Program. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (3):1271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLijun Zhou; Benedikt Hülsemann; Zhiyang Cui; Wolfgang Merkle; Christian Sponagel; Yuguang Zhou; Jianbin Guo; Renjie Dong; Joachim Müller; Hans Oechsner. 2021. "Operating Performance of Full-Scale Agricultural Biogas Plants in Germany and China: Results of a Year-Round Monitoring Program." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3: 1271.
In this study, we conducted proof-of-concept research towards the simultaneous treatment of livestock wastewater and the generation of high-quality biodiesel, through microalgae technology. Both original (OPE) and anaerobically-digested (DPE) piggery effluents were investigated for the culture of the microalgae, Desmodesmus sp. EJ8-10. After 14 days’ cultivation, the dry biomass from microalgae cultivated in OPE increased from an initial value of 0.01 g/L to 0.33–0.39 g/L, while those growing in DPE only achieved a final dried mass of 0.15–0.35 g/L, under similar initial ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentrations. The significantly higher microalgal biomass production achieved in the OPE medium may have been supported by the abundance of both macronutrient, such as phosphorus (P), and of micronutrients, such as trace elements, present in the OPE, which may not been present in similar quantities in the DPE. However, a higher lipid content was observed (19.4–28%) in microalgal cells from DPE cultures than those (18.7–22.3%) from OPE cultures. Moreover, the fatty acid compositions in the microalgae cultured in DPE contained high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and total C16–C18 acids, which would afford a superior potential for high-quality biodiesel production. The N/P ratio (15.4:1) in OPE was much closer to that indicated by previous studies to be the most suitable (16:1) for microalgae growth, when compared with that determined from the DPE culture medium. This may facilitate protein synthesis in the algal cells and induce a lower accumulation of lipids. Based on these findings, we proposed a new flowsheet for sustainable livestock waste management.
Gang Li; Jiang Zhang; Huan Li; Ruichen Hu; Xiaolong Yao; Ying Liu; Yuguang Zhou; Tao Lyu. Towards high-quality biodiesel production from microalgae using original and anaerobically-digested livestock wastewater. Chemosphere 2020, 273, 128578 .
AMA StyleGang Li, Jiang Zhang, Huan Li, Ruichen Hu, Xiaolong Yao, Ying Liu, Yuguang Zhou, Tao Lyu. Towards high-quality biodiesel production from microalgae using original and anaerobically-digested livestock wastewater. Chemosphere. 2020; 273 ():128578.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGang Li; Jiang Zhang; Huan Li; Ruichen Hu; Xiaolong Yao; Ying Liu; Yuguang Zhou; Tao Lyu. 2020. "Towards high-quality biodiesel production from microalgae using original and anaerobically-digested livestock wastewater." Chemosphere 273, no. : 128578.
Okra possesses a short shelf-life which limits its marketability, thereby, the present study investigates the individual and combined effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the postharvest storage life of okra. The treated/ untreated okra samples were stored at ambient (i.e., 27 °C) and low (i.e., 7 °C) temperatures for eight and 20 days, respectively. Results revealed that the 1-MCP and/or MAP treatment successfully inhibited fruit softening, reduction in mucilage viscosity, and color degradation (hue angle, ∆E, and BI) in the product resulting in a longer period of shelf-life. However, MAP with or without 1-MCP was more effective to reduce weight loss in okra stored at both ambient and cold storage conditions. Additionally, ascorbic acid and total antioxidants were also retained in 1-MCP with MAP during cold storage. The 1-MCP in combination with MAP effectively suppressed respiration rate and ethylene production for four days and eight days at 27 °C and 7 °C temperature conditions, respectively. According to the results, relatively less chilling injury stress also resulted when 1-MCP combined with MAP. The combined treatment of okra pods with 1-MCP and MAP maintained the visual quality of the product in terms of overall acceptability for four days at 20 °C and 20 days at 7 °C.
Rabia Kanwal; Hadeed Ashraf; Muhammad Sultan; Irrum Babu; Zarina Yasmin; Muhammad Nadeem; Muhammad Asghar; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Sobhy M. Ibrahim; Nisar Ahmad; Muhammad A. Imran; Yuguang Zhou; Riaz Ahmad. Effect of 1-Methyl Cyclopropane and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Storage of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.): Theory and Experiments. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7547 .
AMA StyleRabia Kanwal, Hadeed Ashraf, Muhammad Sultan, Irrum Babu, Zarina Yasmin, Muhammad Nadeem, Muhammad Asghar, Redmond R. Shamshiri, Sobhy M. Ibrahim, Nisar Ahmad, Muhammad A. Imran, Yuguang Zhou, Riaz Ahmad. Effect of 1-Methyl Cyclopropane and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Storage of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.): Theory and Experiments. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7547.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRabia Kanwal; Hadeed Ashraf; Muhammad Sultan; Irrum Babu; Zarina Yasmin; Muhammad Nadeem; Muhammad Asghar; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Sobhy M. Ibrahim; Nisar Ahmad; Muhammad A. Imran; Yuguang Zhou; Riaz Ahmad. 2020. "Effect of 1-Methyl Cyclopropane and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Storage of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.): Theory and Experiments." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7547.
In the 21st century, the poultry sector is a vital concern for the developing economies including Pakistan. The summer conditions of the city of Multan (Pakistan) are not comfortable for poultry birds. Conventionally, swamp coolers are used in the poultry sheds/houses of the city, which are not efficient enough, whereas compressor-based systems are not economical. Therefore, this study is aimed to explore a low-cost air-conditioning (AC) option from the viewpoint of heat stress in poultry birds. In this regard, the study investigates the applicability of three evaporative cooling (EC) options, i.e., direct EC (DEC), indirect EC (IEC), and Maisotsenko-cycle EC (MEC). Performance of the EC systems is investigated using wet-bulb effectiveness (WBE) for the climatic conditions of Multan. Heat stress is investigated as a function of poultry weight. Thermal comfort of the poultry birds is calculated in terms of temperature-humidity index (THI) corresponding to the ambient and output conditions. The heat production from the poultry birds is calculated using the Pederson model (available in the literature) at various temperatures. The results indicate a maximum temperature gradient of 10.2 °C (MEC system), 9 °C (DEC system), and 6.5 °C (IEC systems) is achieved. However, in the monsoon/rainfall season, the performance of the EC systems is significantly reduced due to higher relative humidity in ambient air.
Hafiz Raza; Hadeed Ashraf; Khawar Shahzad; Muhammad Sultan; Takahiko Miyazaki; Muhammad Usman; Redmond Shamshiri; Yuguang Zhou; Riaz Ahmad. Investigating Applicability of Evaporative Cooling Systems for Thermal Comfort of Poultry Birds in Pakistan. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4445 .
AMA StyleHafiz Raza, Hadeed Ashraf, Khawar Shahzad, Muhammad Sultan, Takahiko Miyazaki, Muhammad Usman, Redmond Shamshiri, Yuguang Zhou, Riaz Ahmad. Investigating Applicability of Evaporative Cooling Systems for Thermal Comfort of Poultry Birds in Pakistan. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (13):4445.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Raza; Hadeed Ashraf; Khawar Shahzad; Muhammad Sultan; Takahiko Miyazaki; Muhammad Usman; Redmond Shamshiri; Yuguang Zhou; Riaz Ahmad. 2020. "Investigating Applicability of Evaporative Cooling Systems for Thermal Comfort of Poultry Birds in Pakistan." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13: 4445.
The implementation of coal-to-gas shift in rural households for meeting people's heating and cooking demands can reduce pollutant emissions, improve indoor air quality and increase climate, health and economic co-benefits. In rural Baoding and Langfang regions of Hebei Province, China, approximately 1.25 million households have shifted from coal to natural gas combustion. Field-based emission factors, modified combustion efficiency, and thermal efficiency of typical gas stoves were measured to evaluate the contribution of this shift to local air pollution control. Natural gas burning in stoves produced much lower air pollution than coal or other popular fuel/stove combinations due to its good fuel properties and high combustion efficiency. All tested gas stoves were rated at excellent tiers according to Chinese national standards. Through the adoption of coal-to-gas shift during a complete winter heating season, the total emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), methane (CH4), particles with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ≤10 μm (PM10) were reduced by 98%, 56%, 33%, 80%, 82%, 99% and 99% in rural Baoding region, and by 99%, 37%, 25%, 83%, 71%, 99% and 99% in rural Langfang region, respectively. Correspondingly, GWC100 values decreased from 11 396 to 4 554 and from 13 408 to 7 881 ktCO2e·heat season−1·city−1 for the two cities, respectively. The estimated 7 083, 1 142, 8 834, 3 422, and 2 464 all-cause mortality cases resulting from the intakes of CO, NO, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 were avoided in rural Baoding region, and 5 771, 467, 7 432, 2 762 and 1 987 cases were avoided in rural Langfang region, among which cardiopulmonary death was the primary reduced mortality. The average economic benefits were 10.40 and 9.98 billion CNY (Chinese Yuan), which was equivalent to 3.19% and 3.22% of the local GDPs.
Nan Zhao; Bowen Li; Huan Li; Riaz Ahmad; Kuang Peng; Deying Chen; Xing Yu; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong; Hong Wang; Xinxin Ju; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan. Field-based measurements of natural gas burning in domestic wall-mounted gas stove and estimates of climate, health and economic benefits in rural Baoding and Langfang regions of Northern China. Atmospheric Environment 2020, 229, 117454 .
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Bowen Li, Huan Li, Riaz Ahmad, Kuang Peng, Deying Chen, Xing Yu, Yuguang Zhou, Renjie Dong, Hong Wang, Xinxin Ju, Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan. Field-based measurements of natural gas burning in domestic wall-mounted gas stove and estimates of climate, health and economic benefits in rural Baoding and Langfang regions of Northern China. Atmospheric Environment. 2020; 229 ():117454.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Bowen Li; Huan Li; Riaz Ahmad; Kuang Peng; Deying Chen; Xing Yu; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong; Hong Wang; Xinxin Ju; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan. 2020. "Field-based measurements of natural gas burning in domestic wall-mounted gas stove and estimates of climate, health and economic benefits in rural Baoding and Langfang regions of Northern China." Atmospheric Environment 229, no. : 117454.
In order to know the influence of combustion conditions on the emission level of PAHs, this paper presents the research conducted by using biomass, Shenmu coal and 1:1 co-fuel (coal and biomass) incombustion during ignition, high-power heating, low-power heating and cooking through direct-fired and cross-draft stoves, respectively. The thermal efficiency of different fuel compositions and the release of gaseous pollutants, including Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the two stoves under the mentioned four conditions were compared. However, the emissions of gaseous pollutants from the cross-draft stove had found to be less were lower than the emissions from the direct-fired stove. Among the four combustion conditions, the highest concentration of PAHs was emitted during the ignition phase whereas the lowest concentration of the PAHs was generated and emitted during the high-power phase. Between the three types of solid fuel combustion, pure biomass emitted the most PAHs whereas Shenmu coal released the lowest concentration of PAHs. The PAHs ring number distribution of the three fuels under four combustion conditions were medium and low molecular weight PAHs.
Bahargul Tohniyaz; Nan Zhao; Philbert Mperejekumana; Yuguang Zhou; Deying Chen; Gang Li; Gomotsegang Fred Molelekwa; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan; Renjie Dong. Evaluation of PAHs, PM2.5 and gaseous emissions from solid fuel direct-fired and cross-draft stoves. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 2020, 1 -14.
AMA StyleBahargul Tohniyaz, Nan Zhao, Philbert Mperejekumana, Yuguang Zhou, Deying Chen, Gang Li, Gomotsegang Fred Molelekwa, Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan, Renjie Dong. Evaluation of PAHs, PM2.5 and gaseous emissions from solid fuel direct-fired and cross-draft stoves. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2020; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBahargul Tohniyaz; Nan Zhao; Philbert Mperejekumana; Yuguang Zhou; Deying Chen; Gang Li; Gomotsegang Fred Molelekwa; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan; Renjie Dong. 2020. "Evaluation of PAHs, PM2.5 and gaseous emissions from solid fuel direct-fired and cross-draft stoves." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry , no. : 1-14.
Direct use of waste oil as fuel to meet the residential energy demands, is very attractive due to its potentials to decrease fossil fuel consumption, reduce pollution and increase sustainability. This paper uses a domestic stove with an internal heat re-circulation and self-atomization technology to burn yellow waste cooking oil (WCO-1), brown waste cooking oil (WCO-2) and waste lubricant oil (WLO). Emission factors (EFs), energy efficiency and modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of this combined fuel/stove system were determined under space-heating and cooking modes. The results showed that EFs of CO, PM2.5, total 16 PAHs and corresponding toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) values ranged from 2.18 × 103 to 4.90 × 103 mg/MJnet, 16.36–69.40 mg/MJnet, 2.39–12.93 μg/MJnet and 0.16–0.92 μg of TEQ/MJnet. WCO-1 was verified to be the cleanest fuel with the highest energy efficiency (85.3 ± 3.3% and 90.4 ± 2.2%) and lowest emission levels, such as NO (53.75 ± 2.62 and 37.09 ± 5.41 mg/MJnet), NO2 (82.40 ± 3.96 and 56.87 ± 8.29 mg/MJnet) and PM2.5 (20.94 ± 6.55 and 16.35 ± 5.06 mg/MJnet) compared to WCO-2 and WLO. The estimated total cost of using waste oil for each household in winter was much cheaper than some current available clean energy means, including only USD$ 400 of stove price and USD$ 250/ton of fuel per year. It is a promising candidate choice for replacing low-quality solid fuels in rural China and 2.62 million rural households would achieve environmental and economic benefits if promoting direct combustion of waste oil for daily heating and cooking.
Nan Zhao; Bowen Li; Deying Chen; Riaz Ahmad; Yingdan Zhu; Gang Li; ZhengPing Yu; Jinghao Li; Enlu Wang; Seongwan Yun; Hyukjin Yoon; Inseok Yoon; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong; Hong Wang; Jinxin Cao; Jing He; Xinxin Ju. Direct combustion of waste oil in domestic stove by an internal heat re-circulation atomization technology: Emission and performance analysis. Waste Management 2020, 104, 20 -32.
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Bowen Li, Deying Chen, Riaz Ahmad, Yingdan Zhu, Gang Li, ZhengPing Yu, Jinghao Li, Enlu Wang, Seongwan Yun, Hyukjin Yoon, Inseok Yoon, Yuguang Zhou, Renjie Dong, Hong Wang, Jinxin Cao, Jing He, Xinxin Ju. Direct combustion of waste oil in domestic stove by an internal heat re-circulation atomization technology: Emission and performance analysis. Waste Management. 2020; 104 ():20-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Bowen Li; Deying Chen; Riaz Ahmad; Yingdan Zhu; Gang Li; ZhengPing Yu; Jinghao Li; Enlu Wang; Seongwan Yun; Hyukjin Yoon; Inseok Yoon; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong; Hong Wang; Jinxin Cao; Jing He; Xinxin Ju. 2020. "Direct combustion of waste oil in domestic stove by an internal heat re-circulation atomization technology: Emission and performance analysis." Waste Management 104, no. : 20-32.
Coal not only powers the household, social and global economy development but also emits large pollutants. Natural gas and electricity can be promising solutions to the energy supply and environmental pollution dilemma in Hebei Province of China. Currently, this coal‐dependent province has launched the Hebei Air Pollution Prevention and Control Program to curb air pollution by replacing residential coal consumption with natural gas and electricity for space heating in winter. Approximately 2.53 million households have completed the switch from coal‐burning stoves to natural gas or electricity stoves in rural areas surrounding Beijing and Tianjin since 2017. However, the contribution of this clean heating replacement on provincial emission reduction remains unclear. This study aimed to determine emission factors, energy efficiency, and economic profits of traditional coal‐burning stoves, as well as cleaner natural gas and electricity stoves by laboratory simulation and field tests. The results indicated a significant reduction after clean replacement for PM2.5, CO, CO2, NOX, SO2, CH4, and 16 types of U.S. EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The emission of PM2.5 can be reduced by 99% and 95% for natural gas and electricity switch. Toxic equivalent quantity value of PAHs was also decreased from 4.89 (coal) to 0.03 (natural gas) and 0.07 μg/MJnet (electricity). When comprehensively considering the upstream pollutants emissions from power plant, natural gas switching performed better than coal‐fired electricity. Moreover, the government supported the clean heating replacement project with extensive financial subsidy for purchasing clean stoves and using clean energy within 3 years in rural areas. A relatively cheaper price on an energy basic of natural gas and electricity use can be obtained after this subsidy compared to coal.
Nan Zhao; Yixiang Zhang; Bowen Li; Jiong Hao; Deying Chen; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong. Natural gas and electricity: Two perspective technologies of substituting coal-burning stoves for rural heating and cooking in Hebei Province of China. Energy Science & Engineering 2018, 7, 120 -131.
AMA StyleNan Zhao, Yixiang Zhang, Bowen Li, Jiong Hao, Deying Chen, Yuguang Zhou, Renjie Dong. Natural gas and electricity: Two perspective technologies of substituting coal-burning stoves for rural heating and cooking in Hebei Province of China. Energy Science & Engineering. 2018; 7 (1):120-131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan Zhao; Yixiang Zhang; Bowen Li; Jiong Hao; Deying Chen; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong. 2018. "Natural gas and electricity: Two perspective technologies of substituting coal-burning stoves for rural heating and cooking in Hebei Province of China." Energy Science & Engineering 7, no. 1: 120-131.
In this study, corn straw (CS) was reduced in size using the superfine grinding process to generate powders with particles of varying sizes (9~16 μm). The lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose content; particle size distribution; and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the CS samples were analyzed. Superfine CS, of varying particle sizes, was added to the starch-based films (SF) in various amounts. The resulting corn straw starch-based films (CS/SFs) appeared to have significantly different properties, compared to the original starch-based film (SF, p < 0.05). The power law model and Burger’s model were used to investigate the dynamic mechanical analysis, which indicated that the mechanical properties of CS/SF performed better than that of SF, especially CS/SFs at 0.5–1.5 h ball milling and CS/SFs at a 15% addition amount. The power law model and Burger’s model also presented a strong correlation with the experimental data (>0.90).
Min Wu; Fei Gao; Dong-Min Yin; Qi Luo; Zong-Qiang Fu; Yu-Guang Zhou. Processing of Superfine Grinding Corn Straw Fiber-Reinforced Starch Film and the Enhancement on Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers 2018, 10, 855 .
AMA StyleMin Wu, Fei Gao, Dong-Min Yin, Qi Luo, Zong-Qiang Fu, Yu-Guang Zhou. Processing of Superfine Grinding Corn Straw Fiber-Reinforced Starch Film and the Enhancement on Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers. 2018; 10 (8):855.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin Wu; Fei Gao; Dong-Min Yin; Qi Luo; Zong-Qiang Fu; Yu-Guang Zhou. 2018. "Processing of Superfine Grinding Corn Straw Fiber-Reinforced Starch Film and the Enhancement on Its Mechanical Properties." Polymers 10, no. 8: 855.
Direct combustion of solid biomass fuel is one of the most common energy sources in developing countries. Evaluation of technology for household biomass pellet fuel combustion is critical, since promoting poorly designed devices may have risks due to exposure to high levels of emissions. This study evaluated the effects of various testing conditions on a top-lit forced-up-draft semi-gasifier cooking stove. An orthogonal test was designed with different fuel masses, chamber heights, air supply rates, and ending points. The investigation showed that using forced secondary air and more fuel tended to improve both thermal and gas emissions performance. The ending points did not have significant effects on thermal efficiency or the carbon dioxide emission factor, but did affect particulate matter emission. A relatively lower chamber height demonstrated better performance on thermal metrics. However, a taller flame had better performance on particulate matter emission factors. The results of the indicators reported by different bases, such as fuel mass-based or useful energy-based were also quite different. The study showed that different testing conditions had significant effects on combustion performances. Testing sequences and emission factors should be reviewed and defined clearly when forming testing methods and standards for biomass pellet fuel combustion.
Yixiang Zhang; Zongxi Zhang; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong. The Influences of Various Testing Conditions on the Evaluation of Household Biomass Pellet Fuel Combustion. Energies 2018, 11, 1131 .
AMA StyleYixiang Zhang, Zongxi Zhang, Yuguang Zhou, Renjie Dong. The Influences of Various Testing Conditions on the Evaluation of Household Biomass Pellet Fuel Combustion. Energies. 2018; 11 (5):1131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYixiang Zhang; Zongxi Zhang; Yuguang Zhou; Renjie Dong. 2018. "The Influences of Various Testing Conditions on the Evaluation of Household Biomass Pellet Fuel Combustion." Energies 11, no. 5: 1131.
Charcoal stove is widely used in the developing countries especially in Africa and Central America. Even reported to have a high impact on human health, stoves promoted in the related areas still mainly focus on fuel saving and little knowledge was reported for the stove performance in the field. This research evaluated four commercialized charcoal stoves with clay baseline stove using a modified Chinese cooking stove protocol that considered the local cooking habit to make the testing results more useful for the local stove promotion. The results showed that the thermal efficiency of tested charcoal stoves ranged from 38.7% to 47.5%, and the cooking power was around 640-1200 W. The CO emission factors of the improved stove had a 60% reduction compared with baseline stove. Different indicators reporting the same aspect of the stove were evaluated, and it suggested choosing the indicators according to the project requirements. Keywords: charcoal stove, energy efficiency, pollutant emissions, carbon dioxide emissions, testing protocol, cooking DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181102.3637 Citation: Zhang Y X, Hao J, Zhou Y G, Zhang Z X, Chen L, Dong R J. Assessment of pollutant emissions and energy efficiency of four commercialized charcoal stoves with modified Chinese cooking stove protocol. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(2): 202–207.
Yixiang Zhang; Jiong Hao; Yuguang Zhou; Zongxi Zhang; Li Chen; Renjie Dong. Assessment of pollutant emissions and energy efficiency of four commercialized charcoal stoves with modified Chinese cooking stove protocol. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2018, 11, 202 -207.
AMA StyleYixiang Zhang, Jiong Hao, Yuguang Zhou, Zongxi Zhang, Li Chen, Renjie Dong. Assessment of pollutant emissions and energy efficiency of four commercialized charcoal stoves with modified Chinese cooking stove protocol. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 2018; 11 (2):202-207.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYixiang Zhang; Jiong Hao; Yuguang Zhou; Zongxi Zhang; Li Chen; Renjie Dong. 2018. "Assessment of pollutant emissions and energy efficiency of four commercialized charcoal stoves with modified Chinese cooking stove protocol." International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 11, no. 2: 202-207.
Yuguang Zhou; Zongxi Zhang; Yixiang Zhang; Yungang Wang; Yang Yu; Fang Ji; Riaz Ahmad; Renjie Dong. A comprehensive review on densified solid biofuel industry in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016, 54, 1412 -1428.
AMA StyleYuguang Zhou, Zongxi Zhang, Yixiang Zhang, Yungang Wang, Yang Yu, Fang Ji, Riaz Ahmad, Renjie Dong. A comprehensive review on densified solid biofuel industry in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016; 54 ():1412-1428.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuguang Zhou; Zongxi Zhang; Yixiang Zhang; Yungang Wang; Yang Yu; Fang Ji; Riaz Ahmad; Renjie Dong. 2016. "A comprehensive review on densified solid biofuel industry in China." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54, no. : 1412-1428.
Chlorella pyrenoidosa is one of the best candidates for biofuel production. The yield and chemical composition of decomposed products of Chlorella pyrenoidosa were determined using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and pyrolysis-gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) by varying the temperature ranges. The results indicated that the main decomposition temperature of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was 294.53°C and up to 46.7% of the mass was lost. A complete decomposition of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was detected until 642.64°C. The pyrolysis of Chlorella pyrenoidosa at 800°C produced 63.58% (the maximum yield) of pyrolysis products compared to 40.22% at 300°C. It is suggested that the generation of pollutants during microalgae pyrolysis can be avoided by controlling the temperature at a relatively low stage (approximately 300°C).
Gang Li; Ren-Jie Dong; Nan Fu; Yu-Guang Zhou; Dong Li; Xiao Dong Chen. Temperature-Oriented Pyrolysis on the Decomposition Characteristics of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. International Journal of Food Engineering 2015, 12, 295 -301.
AMA StyleGang Li, Ren-Jie Dong, Nan Fu, Yu-Guang Zhou, Dong Li, Xiao Dong Chen. Temperature-Oriented Pyrolysis on the Decomposition Characteristics of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. International Journal of Food Engineering. 2015; 12 (3):295-301.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGang Li; Ren-Jie Dong; Nan Fu; Yu-Guang Zhou; Dong Li; Xiao Dong Chen. 2015. "Temperature-Oriented Pyrolysis on the Decomposition Characteristics of Chlorella pyrenoidosa." International Journal of Food Engineering 12, no. 3: 295-301.
The present study includes the compositional analysis and pyrolysis products obtained from Desmodesmus sp. cultivated in anaerobic digested effluents (DADE) from 300°C to 800°C. Compared to Desmodesmus sp. cultivated in BG11 (DBG11), both species exhibited a hydrogen content of ca. 6%, ca. 7% of nitrogen, and ca. 0.56% of sulfur except carbon content, of which was lower than DBG11. Pyrolysis products of DADE consisted of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, acids, nitrogen compounds, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alcohols, aldehydes, and furans. Pyrolysis of DADE at 800°C produced 62.52% (the maximum yield) of pyrolysis products compared to 41.89% at 600°C. Considering the reasonably high yield and minimum release of pollutants, lower temperature (600°C) was found to be optimum for producing biofuel from DADE. A process combing anaerobic digestion and algae cultivation can be proposed as a direct and effective way to produce biofuel so as to reduce contaminations to the environment.
Gang Li; Ren-Jie Dong; Nan Fu; Yu-Guang Zhou; Dong Li; Xiao Dong Chen. Characterization of Pyrolysis Products Obtained from Desmodesmus sp. Cultivated in Anaerobic Digested Effluents (DADE). International Journal of Food Engineering 2015, 11, 825 -832.
AMA StyleGang Li, Ren-Jie Dong, Nan Fu, Yu-Guang Zhou, Dong Li, Xiao Dong Chen. Characterization of Pyrolysis Products Obtained from Desmodesmus sp. Cultivated in Anaerobic Digested Effluents (DADE). International Journal of Food Engineering. 2015; 11 (6):825-832.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGang Li; Ren-Jie Dong; Nan Fu; Yu-Guang Zhou; Dong Li; Xiao Dong Chen. 2015. "Characterization of Pyrolysis Products Obtained from Desmodesmus sp. Cultivated in Anaerobic Digested Effluents (DADE)." International Journal of Food Engineering 11, no. 6: 825-832.
Desmodesmus sp. was used in anaerobically digested wastewater (ADW) for nutrients removal and the biodiesel production was measured and compared using fed-batch cultivation was investigated and compared with batch cultivation. The Desmodesmus sp. was able to remove 236.143, 268.238 and 6.427 mg/L of TN, NH4-N and PO4-P respectively after 40 d of fed-batch cultivation, while in batch cultivation the quantities of TN, NH4-N and PO4-P removed were 33.331, 37.227 and 1.323 mg/L. Biomass production of Desmodesmus sp. was also enhanced in fed-batch cultivation, when ADW loading was carried out every 2 days; the biomass concentration peaked at 1.039 g/L, which was three times higher than that obtained in batch cultivation (0.385 g/L). The highest lipid production (261.8 mg/L) was also recorded in fed-batch cultivation as compared to batch cultivation (83.3 mg/L). Fed-batch cultivation of Desmodesmus sp. could provide effective control of nutrients limitation and/or ammonia inhibition on microalgae cultivation.
Fang Ji; Yuguang Zhou; Aiping Pang; Li Ning; Kibet Rodgers; Ying Liu; Renjie Dong. Fed-batch cultivation of Desmodesmus sp. in anaerobic digestion wastewater for improved nutrient removal and biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology 2015, 184, 116 -122.
AMA StyleFang Ji, Yuguang Zhou, Aiping Pang, Li Ning, Kibet Rodgers, Ying Liu, Renjie Dong. Fed-batch cultivation of Desmodesmus sp. in anaerobic digestion wastewater for improved nutrient removal and biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology. 2015; 184 ():116-122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang Ji; Yuguang Zhou; Aiping Pang; Li Ning; Kibet Rodgers; Ying Liu; Renjie Dong. 2015. "Fed-batch cultivation of Desmodesmus sp. in anaerobic digestion wastewater for improved nutrient removal and biodiesel production." Bioresource Technology 184, no. : 116-122.