Ternary choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (TDESs) exhibit unique physicochemical properties, including lower viscosities, lower melting points, higher thermal stabilities, and enhanced solvations compared to binary deep eutectic solvents (BDESs). Although BDESs have been widely studied, the addition of a third component in TDESs offers opportunities to further optimize their performance. This review aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of TDESs and highlight their potential applications in sustainable industrial processes compared to BDESs. A comprehensive analysis of the existing literature was conducted, focusing on TDES properties, such as phase behavior, density, viscosity, pH, conductivity, and the effect of water, along with their applications in various fields. TDESs demonstrated superior physicochemical characteristics compared to BDESs, including improved solvation and thermal stability. Their applications in biomass conversion, CO₂ capture, heavy oil upgrading, refrigeration gases, and as solvents/catalysts in organic reactions show significant promise for enhancing process efficiency and sustainability. Despite their advantages, TDESs face challenges including limited predictive models, potential instability under certain conditions, and scalability hurdles. Overall, TDESs offer significant potential for advancing sustainable and efficient chemical processes for industrial applications.

This work deals with the antisolvent crystallization of LASSBio-294 (3,4-methylenedioxybenzoyl-2-thienylhydrazon) assisted by ultrasound. An ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl phosphonate [emim][CH₃O(H)PO₂] was used as solvent and water as antisolvent. The influence of the following parameters on crystals properties (size distribution, morphology, residual solvent and in vitro dissolution) were studied with two mixing mode (quick and dropwise) of solution with antisolvent. The impact of washing and drying process was also evaluated. Comparative studies of conventional crystallization conditions (without ultrasound) were also performed. The effect of ultrasound on LASSBio-294 recrystallized properties was influenced by the add mode, water/IL ratio and drug solution concentration. As example, US promoted the formation of small crystals with high residual IL under the following conditions: quick addition, high drug solution concentration and high water/IL ratio. However, despite the decrease of elementary particle size, ultrasound did not avoid crystals agglomeration. The drug dissolution rate was affected by the physical structure of agglomerates. When employed as drying process of washed crystals, spray drying reduced this agglomeration and improved the dissolution of LASSBio-294 crystals.

This study concerns a new antiretroviral drug named CRS 74, which has a limited bioavailability because of its low aqueous solubility and dissolution rate. To improve these properties, CRS 74 can be recrystallized by using Liquid Anti-Solvent (LAS) crystallization. Ethanol is chosen as the solvent under study for the molecule and water as the anti-solvent. Since solubility data is limited, it is necessary to collect experimental data for the molecule in relation to ethanol and water-ethanol mixtures at different temperatures in order to select suitable mixture compositions and temperature for LAS process design. In this work, the CRS 74 solubility measured in the temperature range 288.15 - 303.15 K in pure ethanol and in 95% water - 5% w/w ethanol mixtures, and the CRS 74 solubility measured at 303.15 K in water-ethanol mixtures containing from 30 to 70% w/w ethanol are presented. Measurements were performed using the shake-flask method for generating the saturated solutions followed by compositional analysis by HPLC of the solution. The experimental data showed that the solubility of CRS 74 in binary hydroalcoholic mixtures increases upon increasing the temperature and mass fraction of ethanol. In order to better understand the behavior of the system and to estimate supersaturation conditions for a larger range of CRS 74 crystallization conditions, two models have been chosen to describe the experimental data: UNIQUAC and Jouyban-Acree models. The modeling of experimental solid-liquid equilibrium data proved that both models could correlate satisfactorily the solubility of the studied drug. This study provided valuable data for the recrystallization of CRS 74 by using the Liquid Anti-Solvent (LAS) crystallization process.