Background: Primary probing of the nasolacrimal duct remains the first-line surgical intervention for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in infants and young children. However, age-dependent success rates have been less thoroughly investigated. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the age-related success rates of primary probing in children with CNLDO. Methods: Systematic literature searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar in May 2025. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall success rate, while sensitivity analyses and publication bias assessments were performed to explore sources of variability. All statistical analyses were carried out using the “meta” and “metafor” packages in RStudio. Results: This meta-analysis reveals age-stratified success rates of primary probing for CNLDO: the highest pooled success rate occurred in infants aged 0–6 months (90.67%, I² = 81%, p < 0.01), with procedures under general anesthesia achieving 95.42% (I² = 50%; p = 0.11) efficacy. Success rates remained favorable in the 6–12 month group (85.18%, I² = 86%, p < 0.01 overall; 89.60% with general anesthesia) but declined progressively thereafter (82.34%, I² = 78%, p < 0.01 at 12–24 months). While a modest rebound occurred in the 24–48 month group (85.33%, I² = 69%, p < 0.01), the oldest cohort (48+ months) demonstrated markedly reduced efficacy (63.47%, I² = 66%, p = 0.05), despite exclusive use of general anesthesia. Conclusion: Primary probing yields the most favorable outcomes when conducted before 12 months of age, particularly under general anesthesia. Nonetheless, the overall certainty of evidence is low—mainly due to variability across studies—which should be taken into account in clinical decision-making.

Background and Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrheae threatens the effectiveness of empirical gonorrhoea treatment. Although global surveillance evidence is increasingly available, resistance data are not consistently reported separately for men with urethral or urogenital infection. This review evaluated antibiotic-specific resistance in N. gonorrhoeae isolates from this clinically defined population and examined the geographic and reporting limitations of the available evidence. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and relevant WHO GASP/EGASP resources were searched from inception to [updated search date]. Eligible observational or surveillance studies reported categorical resistance classifications or extractable antibiotic-specific resistant counts and denominators for male urethral or urogenital isolates. Antibiotic-specific proportions were synthesized using random-effects meta-analysis where pooling was considered appropriate. Sparse-event outcomes were additionally evaluated using study-specific estimates and aggregate resistant/tested counts. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE framework adapted for prevalence outcomes. Results: Six studies met the eligibility criteria, including the 2025 multinational EGASP study. Cefixime resistance was reported in 748 of 13,154 isolates, corresponding to an aggregate proportion of 5.69%; however, the random-effects estimate was unstable because three studies reported no resistant isolates and events were concentrated in two large datasets. Ceftriaxone resistance varied from 0% to 5.17%, with a pooled estimate of 0.32% (95% CI 0.05–2.15; I² = 97.8%). Resistance was high but heterogeneous for ciprofloxacin (71.84%, 95% CI 7.53–98.77; I² = 97.3%) and penicillin (62.47%, 95% CI 36.87–82.58; I² = 98.1%). Spectinomycin resistance was 2.57% (95% CI 1.58–4.16; I² = 0%), while azithromycin resistance was 6.38% (95% CI 4.38–9.21; I² = 94.9%). Certainty of evidence was very low for all outcomes. Conclusions: Evidence specifically reporting resistance in male urethral or urogenital N. gonorrhoeae isolates remains limited and geographically uneven. Contemporary EGASP data demonstrate that ceftriaxone resistance is not uniformly low across surveillance settings. The pooled estimates should be interpreted as exploratory summaries rather than current global prevalence values or an independent basis for treatment selection. Standardized reporting of sex, anatomical site, breakpoints, MIC distributions, and resistant/tested counts is needed to improve future surveillance synthesis.

Background and Objectives: Pediatric cataract comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders with varying etiologies, laterality patterns, age and gender distributions, and contemporary data from Central Asia remain limited. The study aimed to describe the etiologic spectrum, laterality, age, and gender distribution of pediatric cataract from a two-center tertiary cohort from Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: This retrospective two-center cohort study included all consecutive children aged ≤17 years who underwent cataract surgery between January 2022 and December 2024 at the Astana and Almaty branches of the Kazakh Eye Research Institute. Recorded variables included age at surgery, gender, cataract laterality, and etiology. Etiologies were classified as congenital, traumatic, ectopia lentis-associated, and complicated cataract. No formal hypothesis-testing framework was predefined; analyses were primarily descriptive. Results: A total of 528 children (782 eyes) were included. Median age at surgery was 6.5 years (IQR 4.3–9.9 years). Children were distributed as ≤6 years: 294 (55.68%), 7–11 years: 156 (29.55%), and 12–17 years: 78 (14.77%). Operated eyes were distributed as 466 (59.59%), 216 (27.62%), and 100 (12.79%), respectively. Congenital cataract was the predominant etiology, accounting for 412/528 children (78.03%) and 645/782 eyes (82.48%), and was predominantly bilateral (233/412 children, 56.55%). Traumatic cataract accounted for 68/528 children (12.88%) and was uniformly unilateral, with male predominance (53/68, 77.94%). Ectopia lentis-associated cataract accounted for 24/528 children (4.55%) and was more often bilateral (14/24, 58.33%). Complicated cataracts accounted for 24/528 children (4.55%). Conclusions: Overall, these findings demonstrate that the etiologic profile of pediatric cataract surgery varies substantially by age, gender, and laterality.