Pavement marking is an essential task of road construction and maintenance. Pavement markings are beneficial because they provide information regarding the road alignment and road conditions ahead. To fully utilize their benefits, the retroreflectivity (R_L30) and diffuse illumination (Q_D30) of pavement markings need to be above a minimum threshold. The degradation of R_L30 and Q_D30 depends on several factors, such as the traffic exposure, age of the pavement marking, and weather. This research investigated the reflective efficiency of thermoplastics on an asphaltic concrete pavement marking with a glass bead rate of 359 to 553 grams per square meter. The reflective data were collected at the beginning of a period of eight months at two-week intervals. The factors that have a statistically significant effect on the pavement marking RL30 and Q_D30 include the traffic exposure and pavement marking position. The dirt coating on top of the marking is the most crucial factor that temporarily deteriorates the retroreflectivity, which can recover to some degree by rainfall.

Air pollution poses growing challenges to public health and urban mobility in Southeast Asia. This study investigates how air quality crises affect travel mode choices in Chiang Rai, Thailand, a secondary city experiencing seasonal PM2.5 smog episodes. A structured online survey was conducted with 406 respondents, collecting paired data on travel behaviors during non-air quality crisis (N-AQC) and air quality crisis (AQC) periods. Using a multinomial logit model (MNL), key socioeconomic and trip-related variables were analyzed to estimate mode choice probabilities. The results reveal significant behavioral shifts during an air quality crisis, with private car usage increasing from 30.30% to 34.70% and motorcycle usage decreasing from 50.20% to 42.90%. Multinomial logit models attained correct classification rates of 67.5% and 63.8%, with pseudo R² values exceeding 0.50 for both periods. These findings highlight how environmental stress alters travel behavior, especially among younger and low-income populations. The study contributes new insights from a Southeast Asian urban context, emphasizing the need for adaptive transport policies, protective infrastructure, and equity-focused interventions to promote sustainable mobility during an environmental crisis.