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Chin-Tsai Lin
Department of Business Administration, Ming Chuan University, Taipei 111, Taiwan

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Journal article
Published: 13 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Detecting the crisis of supply chain management is an important subject for the sustainable management of e-commerce. The purpose of this study was to explore the application of Q-technique to the detection of supply chain crises in the imported food industry under the influence of COVID-19. Literature analysis, expert consultation, and Q-technique methods were adopted. We used an expert consultation and questionnaire survey combined with Q-technique using the imported food industry in Taiwan as an example. Fifteen business owners were interviewed to identify priorities for supply chain crises, and 137 questionnaires were collected to determine the strength of each item. By investigating suppliers, distributors, wholesalers, platform operators, online sellers, and logistics operators, this study obtained the priority of supply chain crisis items and the strength of factors for each item. The results show that Q-technique can effectively detect the crisis of cross-border supply chain management, clarifying import food industry e-commerce supply chain crisis items and determining their priority and strength, to help enterprises make emergency decisions regarding supply chain operation, and they can also be used as a reference for enterprises to respond to the crisis.

ACS Style

Qi Ma; Chi-Cheng Chang; Chin-Tsai Lin. Detecting the Crisis of Supply Chain Management on E-Commerce for Sustainability Using Q-Technique. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9098 .

AMA Style

Qi Ma, Chi-Cheng Chang, Chin-Tsai Lin. Detecting the Crisis of Supply Chain Management on E-Commerce for Sustainability Using Q-Technique. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9098.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qi Ma; Chi-Cheng Chang; Chin-Tsai Lin. 2021. "Detecting the Crisis of Supply Chain Management on E-Commerce for Sustainability Using Q-Technique." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9098.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2020 in Mathematics
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Corrugated box printing machines are precision equipment produced by markedly few manufacturers. They involve high investment cost and risk. Having a corrugated box precision printing machine (CBPPM) supplier with a good reputation enables a corrugated box manufacturer to maintain its competitive advantage. Accordingly, establishing an effective CBPPM supplier selection model is crucial for corrugated box manufacturers. This study established a two-stage CBPPM supplier selection model. The first stage involved the use of a modified Delphi method to construct a supplier selection hierarchy with five criteria and 14 subcriteria. In the second stage, an analytic network process was employed to calculate the weights of criteria and subcriteria and to determine the optimal supplier. According to the results, the five criteria in the model, in descending order of importance, are quality, commitment, cost, service attitude, and reputation. This model can provide insights for corrugated box manufacturers formulating their CBPPM supplier selection strategy.

ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Cheng-Yu Chiang. Developing and Applying a Selection Model for Corrugated Box Precision Printing Machine Suppliers. Mathematics 2020, 9, 68 .

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Cheng-Yu Chiang. Developing and Applying a Selection Model for Corrugated Box Precision Printing Machine Suppliers. Mathematics. 2020; 9 (1):68.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Cheng-Yu Chiang. 2020. "Developing and Applying a Selection Model for Corrugated Box Precision Printing Machine Suppliers." Mathematics 9, no. 1: 68.

Journal article
Published: 14 December 2020 in Technological and Economic Development of Economy
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The sales logistics of tea leaves is a process that organically integrates basic logistics activities, including transportation, storage, loading, unloading, carrying, packaging, distribution processing, delivery, and information processing. This process requires quick and accurate forecasting of the logistics demand in the green tea market and the provision of feedback to businesses and farming partners, revealing the need for a simple and accurate forecasting method. Responding to and solving the unclear information and limited data available regarding the green tea market are critical. Therefore, this study established a simple, quick, and accurate model through the use of time series and the technique for ordering preferences by similarity to the ideal solution. Finally, the actual logistics demand in the Nanjing green tea industry was employed to verify the proposed model’s practicality and feasibility, which may provide a critical reference for relevant parties such as businesses and researchers.

ACS Style

Hung-Lung Lin; Chin-Tsai Lin. ESTABLISHING A COMBINED FORECASTING MODEL: A CASE STUDY ON THE LOGISTIC DEMAND OF NANJING’S GREEN TEA INDUSTRY IN CHINA. Technological and Economic Development of Economy 2020, 27, 71 -95.

AMA Style

Hung-Lung Lin, Chin-Tsai Lin. ESTABLISHING A COMBINED FORECASTING MODEL: A CASE STUDY ON THE LOGISTIC DEMAND OF NANJING’S GREEN TEA INDUSTRY IN CHINA. Technological and Economic Development of Economy. 2020; 27 (1):71-95.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hung-Lung Lin; Chin-Tsai Lin. 2020. "ESTABLISHING A COMBINED FORECASTING MODEL: A CASE STUDY ON THE LOGISTIC DEMAND OF NANJING’S GREEN TEA INDUSTRY IN CHINA." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 27, no. 1: 71-95.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2020 in Mathematics
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: This study proposes a novel evaluation model for lawyer selection incorporating the lawyer’s backbone leadership attitude employing the hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. In the proposed approach, the lawyer’s backbone leadership attitude is employed as an evaluation factor in the evaluation model for lawyer selection from law firms’ perspective. In this paper, a hybrid approach based on the Delphi technique and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is proposed to manage qualitative and quantitative criteria for selecting the best alternative lawyer for law firms in China. Finally, a law firm in China is carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach. Based on the result, the backbone leadership does provide valuable information in the evaluation model for lawyer selection. The results also revealed that the proposed approach would help law firms and human resource managers to understand and develop strategies to hire a lawyer.

ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Ching-Chiang Yeh; Fan Ye. Applying the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Lawyer Selection from Law Firms’ Perspective in China. Mathematics 2020, 8, 1370 .

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Ching-Chiang Yeh, Fan Ye. Applying the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Lawyer Selection from Law Firms’ Perspective in China. Mathematics. 2020; 8 (8):1370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Ching-Chiang Yeh; Fan Ye. 2020. "Applying the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Lawyer Selection from Law Firms’ Perspective in China." Mathematics 8, no. 8: 1370.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2020 in Mathematics
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Purchasing a property entails making rankings, comparisons, and trade-offs among various housing characteristics. When trying to sell a house, real estate brokers take on an important role as a middle-person between the seller and buyer. Thus, this research sets up a dynamic price recommendation method for housing purchases and applies the fuzzy multiple criteria decision making (FMCDM) technique, so as to realize housing quality and evaluation. We utilize this method based on the prospect theory of the loss aversion effect, in order to aid real estate brokers’ job of coordinating between the seller and buyer. The method helps us to provide an objective view of the evaluation matrix. From the pricing strategy, the results are able to match price versus quality and improve brokers’ intermediation effects. The brokers can subsequently make recommendations regarding a suitable price, decisions on negotiation strategies to reach an agreement, and settle upon an acceptable price.

ACS Style

Jun-Kun Lin; Hung-Lung Lin; William Yu Chung Wang; Ching-Hui Chang; Chin-Tsai Lin. An Evaluation Model for Property-Purchasing Plans Based on a Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model. Mathematics 2020, 8, 860 .

AMA Style

Jun-Kun Lin, Hung-Lung Lin, William Yu Chung Wang, Ching-Hui Chang, Chin-Tsai Lin. An Evaluation Model for Property-Purchasing Plans Based on a Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model. Mathematics. 2020; 8 (6):860.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jun-Kun Lin; Hung-Lung Lin; William Yu Chung Wang; Ching-Hui Chang; Chin-Tsai Lin. 2020. "An Evaluation Model for Property-Purchasing Plans Based on a Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model." Mathematics 8, no. 6: 860.

Chapter
Published: 01 January 2019 in Multigenerational Online Behavior and Media Use
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In recent years, Smartphone users are increasing rapidly. Moreover, Smartphone users' age occupies from young to old. In the past, studies focus on Smartphone users generally targets the office workers rather than younger users. Yet, previous studies do not talk about the income and life-value of younger users. Therefore, the significant value of this study is different compare to older research. In this research, it will use qualitative study to discuss the importance of Smartphone for younger users and to find out the facts how Smartphone interacts with their meaning of life. The result indicates six results at the end of this research paper, there are sharing, group identity, recording, relation, function, and time.

ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Sih-Wun Wang; Chuan Lee; Yi-Hsueh Chen. Life-Value of Young Smartphone Users. Multigenerational Online Behavior and Media Use 2019, 790 -802.

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Sih-Wun Wang, Chuan Lee, Yi-Hsueh Chen. Life-Value of Young Smartphone Users. Multigenerational Online Behavior and Media Use. 2019; ():790-802.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Sih-Wun Wang; Chuan Lee; Yi-Hsueh Chen. 2019. "Life-Value of Young Smartphone Users." Multigenerational Online Behavior and Media Use , no. : 790-802.

Journal article
Published: 17 October 2018 in Sustainability
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Management strategies play an important role in enhancing the competitive advantage and sustainable development of national museums. The purpose of this study is to focus on evaluating the management strategies of national museums to reduce the gaps in visitor satisfaction that are caused by the interdependence and feedback problems of the so-called BOCR dimensions (namely, benefits, opportunity, costs, and risks) and 24 criteria. This study creates a hybrid competitive advantage multiple-criteria decision-making model for national museums by integrating the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory-based analytic network process and modified VIKOR (VlšeKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) techniques to solve the problems. We consider five different types of national museums to illustrate how the proposed new evaluation model enhances the competitive advantage of national museums. Our results provide national museum curators with the knowledge and understanding to create promotional and marketing strategies that reduce the gaps in dimensions and criteria to satisfy visitors’ needs and to enhance their competitive advantage.

ACS Style

Pei-Hsuan Tsai; Chin-Tsai Lin. How Should National Museums Create Competitive Advantage Following Changes in the Global Economic Environment? Sustainability 2018, 10, 3749 .

AMA Style

Pei-Hsuan Tsai, Chin-Tsai Lin. How Should National Museums Create Competitive Advantage Following Changes in the Global Economic Environment? Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3749.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pei-Hsuan Tsai; Chin-Tsai Lin. 2018. "How Should National Museums Create Competitive Advantage Following Changes in the Global Economic Environment?" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3749.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2018 in Journal of Testing and Evaluation
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The aerospace sector has a demand for high-precision and expensive machine tools that are characterized by a high entry threshold, high risks, and a long payback period. To ensure product quality and the reduction of operating costs, it is imperative that manufacturers in this sector develop an appropriate supplier evaluation and management mechanism for machine tools. Therefore, this study presents a new two-stage supplier evaluation model for the aerospace sector. In the first stage, a hierarchical structure that comprises three evaluation criteria and eleven subcriteria is constructed. In the second stage, suppliers are appraised and selected through the analytic hierarchy process. As exemplified by the purchase of high-precision and expensive machine tools by Taiwan’s Aero Win Technology Corporation (listed in the Taiwan Stock Exchange), this study conducts a feasibility and sensitivity analysis with respect to the supplier evaluation model. The three criteria are ranked in the order of decreasing importance as follows: quality > cost > delivery. The results of this research have useful implications for the evaluation policy of machine tool suppliers in the aerospace sector.

ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Kuang-Peng Hung; Shu-Hsien Hu. Construction of a Supplier Evaluation Model in the Aerospace Sector. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 2018, 47, 1 .

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Kuang-Peng Hung, Shu-Hsien Hu. Construction of a Supplier Evaluation Model in the Aerospace Sector. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2018; 47 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Kuang-Peng Hung; Shu-Hsien Hu. 2018. "Construction of a Supplier Evaluation Model in the Aerospace Sector." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 47, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2018 in Journal of Testing and Evaluation
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ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Chuan Lee; Sih-Wun Wang; Yi-Hsueh Chen. Using the DEMATEL Method to Explore the Critical Factors That Influence Visitors to Purchase Museum Cultural Products. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 2018, 46, 1 .

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Chuan Lee, Sih-Wun Wang, Yi-Hsueh Chen. Using the DEMATEL Method to Explore the Critical Factors That Influence Visitors to Purchase Museum Cultural Products. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2018; 46 (5):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Chuan Lee; Sih-Wun Wang; Yi-Hsueh Chen. 2018. "Using the DEMATEL Method to Explore the Critical Factors That Influence Visitors to Purchase Museum Cultural Products." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 46, no. 5: 1.

Journal article
Published: 07 March 2018 in Sustainability
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Due to rigorous quality requirements and high unit prices, the manufacture of machines used in the aerospace industry is characterized by a high entry threshold, high risk and a long payback period. A good decision-making model for evaluating and selecting suppliers is vital for sustainable enterprise development. Therefore, this study presents a new two-stage model for evaluating and selecting suppliers in the aerospace industry. In the first stage, a hierarchical structure is built with five main and 16 sub-criteria for supplier evaluation and selection following the modified Delphi method; in the second stage, the best alternative solution is selected following the analytic network process (ANP) method. Finally, this study verifies the feasibility of the above model based on the purchase of high-precision and high-cost 3D measuring tools by Aerowin Technology Corporation, which is listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange. The results show that the five criteria in the above model are ranked by their degree of importance, as follows: quality > cost > delivery > marketing > organizational planning. The findings of this research can be used as a reference for decision-making during the purchase of high-precision and high-priced machine tools in the aerospace industry.

ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Kuang-Peng Hung; Shu-Hsien Hu. A Decision-Making Model for Evaluating and Selecting Suppliers for the Sustainable Operation and Development of Enterprises in the Aerospace Industry. Sustainability 2018, 10, 735 .

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Kuang-Peng Hung, Shu-Hsien Hu. A Decision-Making Model for Evaluating and Selecting Suppliers for the Sustainable Operation and Development of Enterprises in the Aerospace Industry. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (3):735.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Kuang-Peng Hung; Shu-Hsien Hu. 2018. "A Decision-Making Model for Evaluating and Selecting Suppliers for the Sustainable Operation and Development of Enterprises in the Aerospace Industry." Sustainability 10, no. 3: 735.

Journal article
Published: 21 November 2017 in Journal of Testing and Evaluation
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ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; T.-T. Chang. Who Is My Successor? Creating a Mentor–Protégé Selection and Evaluation Model Based on the Views of Mentors. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 2017, 46, 20160607 .

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, T.-T. Chang. Who Is My Successor? Creating a Mentor–Protégé Selection and Evaluation Model Based on the Views of Mentors. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2017; 46 (3):20160607.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; T.-T. Chang. 2017. "Who Is My Successor? Creating a Mentor–Protégé Selection and Evaluation Model Based on the Views of Mentors." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 46, no. 3: 20160607.

Original articles
Published: 17 November 2017 in Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences
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Business managers and investors have an interest in knowing the future operational conditions of business in an industry. Thus, this study proposes a new model for forecasting and evaluating operational strategic positioning. The grey theory GM (1,1) prediction model is used for the forecasting of business operational conditions. The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix is used as a prototype to develop a positioning matrix of operational efficiency for measuring business operational changes and assessing the operational strategic positioning. This study applies the earnings per share (EPS) of six listed aerospace industrial component suppliers in Taiwan, for the period from 2010 to 2015 to construct the forecasting model. The data are used to verify the reliability of the operational strategic positioning model and forecast the future operations for the period from 2016 to 2017. Finally, the operational efficiency matrix is used to position the operational strategies of these six enterprises. The results of this study can be used as a reference by managers and investors to develop operational and investment strategies.

ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Kuang-Peng Hung; Shu-Hsien Hu. Forecasting operational strategic positioning in Taiwan's aerospace industry. Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 2017, 38, 1369 -1392.

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Kuang-Peng Hung, Shu-Hsien Hu. Forecasting operational strategic positioning in Taiwan's aerospace industry. Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences. 2017; 38 (8):1369-1392.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Kuang-Peng Hung; Shu-Hsien Hu. 2017. "Forecasting operational strategic positioning in Taiwan's aerospace industry." Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 38, no. 8: 1369-1392.

Original articles
Published: 19 May 2017 in Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences
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Based on theory of travel behaviour a survey was developed and implemented in Taipei, Taiwan to investigate outbound Chinese tourists’ travel decision-making in terms of destination attributes, as well as travel safety and security and destination image toward international travel. This study explored the effects of travel safety and security (TSS) via tourism destination image (TDI) as a mediator on travel decision-making (TDM) from the Chinese outbound tourists’ perspectives. A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted on the Chinese outbound tourists visiting Taipei’s prevalent tourism sites with 410 effective samples collected for analysis. This study concluded travel safety and security (TSS) impact on the tourism destination image (TDI) during the early travel decision-making (TDM) process. The results supported the hypotheses that travel safety and security (TSS) has direct and positive effects on travel decision-making (TDM) and that both travel safety and security (TSS) and tourism destination image (TDI) exert direct and positive effects on travel decision-making (TDM). Based on the findings, destination marketing organizations (DMOs) could develop proper tourism marketing and managerial strategies to enhance the destination attraction and competitiveness for the Chinese outbound tourists.

ACS Style

Shih-Chieh Hsu; Chin-Tsai Lin; Chuan Lee. Measuring the effect of outbound Chinese tourists travel decision-making through tourism destination image and travel safety and security. Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 2017, 38, 559 -584.

AMA Style

Shih-Chieh Hsu, Chin-Tsai Lin, Chuan Lee. Measuring the effect of outbound Chinese tourists travel decision-making through tourism destination image and travel safety and security. Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences. 2017; 38 (3):559-584.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shih-Chieh Hsu; Chin-Tsai Lin; Chuan Lee. 2017. "Measuring the effect of outbound Chinese tourists travel decision-making through tourism destination image and travel safety and security." Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 38, no. 3: 559-584.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Hotel & Business Management
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This paper is a descriptive study of mentoring relationships between chef mentors and their protégés in Taiwan.It primarily aimed to complement the understanding of the initiation factors and career benefits of such mentoring relationships. In-depth interviews were conducted with thirty-six chefs who worked in star hotels or well-known restaurants in Taiwan. This study deconstructed the formation of mentoring relationships and their mutual benefits in the workplace. The interview results indicated fourteen initiation factors and seven classifications of benefits of mentoring relationships. Previous studies have seldom explored the mentoring relationship characteristics in different cultural contexts and culinary workplaces. Based on the results, this study provides advice on developing a sustainable career through mentoring relationships and recommends the technology-based industry to consider creating effective mentoring relationships. Further related discussion is also provided in this paper.

ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Ting Ting Chang. The Beginning and Benefits of Mentoring Relationships – A Case Study of Chefs in Taiwan. Journal of Hotel & Business Management 2017, 6, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Ting Ting Chang. The Beginning and Benefits of Mentoring Relationships – A Case Study of Chefs in Taiwan. Journal of Hotel & Business Management. 2017; 6 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Ting Ting Chang. 2017. "The Beginning and Benefits of Mentoring Relationships – A Case Study of Chefs in Taiwan." Journal of Hotel & Business Management 6, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2016 in International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking
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In recent years, Smartphone users are increasing rapidly. Moreover, Smartphone users' age occupies from young to old. In the past, studies focus on Smartphone users generally targets the office workers rather than younger users. Yet, previous studies do not talk about the income and life-value of younger users. Therefore, the significant value of this study is different compare to older research. In this research, it will use qualitative study to discuses about the importance of Smartphone for younger users and to find out the facts how Smartphone interacts with their meaning of life. The result indicates six results at the end of this research paper, there are sharing, group identity, recording, relation, function, and time.

ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Sih-Wun Wang; Chuan Lee; Yi-Hsueh Chen. Life-Value of Young Smartphone Users. International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking 2016, 8, 46 -56.

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Sih-Wun Wang, Chuan Lee, Yi-Hsueh Chen. Life-Value of Young Smartphone Users. International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking. 2016; 8 (4):46-56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Sih-Wun Wang; Chuan Lee; Yi-Hsueh Chen. 2016. "Life-Value of Young Smartphone Users." International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking 8, no. 4: 46-56.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2016 in Curator: The Museum Journal
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ACS Style

Pei-Hsuan Tsai; Chin-Tsai Lin. Creating a Business Strategy Evaluation Model for National Museums Based on the Views of Curators. Curator: The Museum Journal 2016, 59, 287 -303.

AMA Style

Pei-Hsuan Tsai, Chin-Tsai Lin. Creating a Business Strategy Evaluation Model for National Museums Based on the Views of Curators. Curator: The Museum Journal. 2016; 59 (3):287-303.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pei-Hsuan Tsai; Chin-Tsai Lin. 2016. "Creating a Business Strategy Evaluation Model for National Museums Based on the Views of Curators." Curator: The Museum Journal 59, no. 3: 287-303.

Research article
Published: 10 July 2016 in Advances in Operations Research
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This study constructs a new travel risks’ evaluation model for freelancers to evaluate and select tour groups by considering the interdependencies of the evaluation criteria used. First of all, the proposed model adopts the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) to identify suitable evaluation criteria for evaluating travel risks. Six evaluation criteria and 18 subcriteria are obtained. The six evaluation criteria are financial risk, transportation risk, social risk, hygiene risk, sightseeing spot risk, and general risk for freelancer tour groups. Secondly, the model uses the analytic network process (ANP) to determine the relative weight of the criteria. Finally, examples of group package tours (GPTs) are used to demonstrate the travel risk evaluation process for this model. The results show that the Tokyo GPT is the best group tour. The proposed model helps freelancers to effectively evaluate travel risks and decision-making, making it highly applicable to academia and tour groups.1. IntroductionTypically, travel agencies put together several services provided by several distinct travel-related industries to offer a favourable tour experience [1–3]. The group package tour (GPT), or the organized mass tour, is one of the major forms of outbound travel in many parts of Asia [1, 2, 4–7]. The most distinctive feature of the GPT is the presence of a tour leader, who provides various services to the tour participants [7]. These types of outbound travel provide tour participants with a convenient and fast excursion environment that also offers certain quality products and services, saving the tourist time and money.Nowadays, competition among travel agencies is intense. In order to economise on personnel-related costs, many travel agencies employ experienced freelancers, who exclusively service tour groups in the peak season. Geva and Goldman [8] have indicated that one of the most important tasks for the tour leader is to solve problems and to escort tour participants so that the tour leader can maintain a tour’s quality and keep them satisfied if something goes wrong or a travel risk arises. Therefore, freelancers play an important role in GPTs. Freelancer GPT travel risk evaluation involves multicriteria decision-making (MCDM). MCDM is designed to employ a set of criteria for a decision problem [9–13]. Thus, this paper focuses on the evaluation of travel risk and how the selection of best GPTs meets the freelancer’s needs. These needs are met by reducing travel risk gaps introduced by interdependence and feedback problems occurring among the different criteria and subcriteria, allowing a high evaluation level to be achieved and promoting freelancers’ ability to provide tour participants with favourable tour experiences. It is essential for freelancers to know that the success of leading a group tour depends on effective management and the careful preparation of tasks beforehand.There are other terms used to describe a tour leader which are tour manager, tour escort, tour conductor, tour director, and tour courier [14]. Tour leaders are both front-line service providers, whose presentation can make or break a tour, and administrators, who carry out various duties in the tour duration [7, 15]. The tour leaders can be divided into two types: employees and freelancers [16]. The employee tour leader is a company’s full-time employee. The freelancer is a self-employed person and is not committed to an employer long-term. Leading a group tour is a complex task, encompassing risks that can arise in restaurants, hotels, attractions, airlines, and motorcoaches or while shopping or being involved in amusement activities and optional tours, and so forth [6]. Nowadays, increasing number of travel risk issues leads to more consumer concerns. Some traditional experiences are unable to be met; thus, by travel risk evaluation for freelancers not only can they promote a better, more efficient evaluation of the decision-making process, but they also easily maintain the quality of a tour group while improving their earnings.Previous travel risks studies have focused on the tourist’s perspective [16–20], the tour leader’s perspective [6, 21], the effects of religious affiliation [22], and the effects of diseases and viruses [23, 24]. Additional studies have addressed the pervasiveness of tourists’ judgements of food-related risks [25]. In general, research has examined adventure tourism operators in relation to tourist accidents and injuries [26], tourists’ voluntary risk-taking behaviours [27], or consumers’ different cognition of perceived risk attributes [28]. In the literature, there are few MCDM theories aimed at evaluating the travel risk model. There exists, so far, no complete set of travel risk evaluation models of the tourism market for freelancer operations, even though the tourism industry has rapidly grown. This study attempts to use the analytic network process (ANP) approach to determine the relative weights of multiple evaluation criteria and then decide what the best alternatives of GPT are in terms of an overall evaluation criteria set. As a method, the ANP reconstructs a complex MCDM problem as a hierarchy [29]. Thus, this study provides an effective rationale model for a freelancer to evaluate the GPT travel risks.2. Methodology2.1. Nominal Group Technique (NGT)The importance of tour leader’s views is now increasingly recognised, particularly as customers are more likely to use a service that meets their specific needs. Given the growing emphasis on addressing the rising rates of travel risks and customers complaints, tour managers are more likely to seek freelancers’ opinions and priorities. However, opinion varies as to the best method(s) to elicit freelancer evaluations [30]. When collecting opinion for a needs’ evaluation, prioritizing needs, or making recommendations for action based on needs evaluation findings, the nominal group technique can be a valuable tool for facilitating group decision-making.NGT is a structured variation of a small-group discussion aimed at reaching consensus, where all ideas have equal importance. The indicators are decided not only according to the criteria adopted by modifying/deleting from relevant prior research but also according to criteria selected by a panel of tourism experts to determine the hierarchical criteria set. The process forces everyone to participate, and no dominant person is allowed to control the proceedings. Furthermore, NGT is more likely to reach a clear outcome, providing a sense of achievement for participants [31]. Importantly, NGT requires less time and resources than the Delphi technique [32]. We adopt NGT [32, 33] to determine the hierarchical criteria set and their interdependence properties to help a freelancer identify travel risks priority measure indicators of GPT.Delbecq et al. [32] suggested five to eight individuals as an appropriate number of members in an NGT, and, thus, this study employed a decision-making group comprising seven experts. To simplify the process and avoid any misunderstanding, the interaction between any of these criteria is not considered in the first instance. Six evaluation criteria and 18 subcriteria are determined through the NGT process, as shown in Table 1. The criteria set may not include all of the decision factors in the GPT travel risk evaluation. However, they are the most meaningful measures in our case and have been stressed in numerous leading articles.Table 1: Proposed criterion and their related subcriteria.2.2. Analytic Network Process (ANP)ANP is a comprehensive decision-making technique that has the capability to include all the relevant criteria in arriving at a decision [34]. ANP is an extension of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and allows for more complex interdependent relationships between elements [34]. AHP models assume that there are unidirectional relationships between elements of different decision levels along the hierarchy and uncorrelated elements within each cluster as well as between clusters. It is not appropriate for models that specify interdependent relationships in AHP. Therefore, this study includes this advantage using the ANP. The structural difference between a hierarchy and a network is depicted in Figure 1. ANP comprises four major steps [35, 36].Figure 1: Structural difference between (a) a hierarchy and (b) a network, Chang et al. [29].Step 1 (model construction and problem structuring). The problem should be stated clearly and transformed into a rational system like a network. The structure can be obtained via the opinion of decision-makers through brainstorming or other appropriate methods. Figure 1(b) shows an example of the network format.Step 2 (pairwise comparisons of matrices and priority vectors). The normal procedure for a pairwise comparison involves inviting experts to compare a series of pairwise comparisons in which two elements or two components at a time are compared in terms of their contribution to their particular upper level criterion [37]. The relative importance values are determined on a scale of 1 to 9, where 1 represents the equal importance of the two compared elements and 9 indicates the heightened importance of one element (row component in the matrix) versus the other one (column component in the matrix) [37]. A reciprocal value is assigned to the inverse comparison (i.e., , ; , , ), where denotes the importance of element compared to element. A pairwise comparison in ANP is made in the framework of a matrix, and a local priority vector can be obtained to estimate the relative importance of the elements being compared by applying the following equation:where is the pairwise comparison matrices, represents the eigenvector, and is the largest eigenvalue of [38]. If denotes a consistency matrix, then eigenvector can be determined usingSaaty [38] proposed adopting the consistency index (CI) and consistency ratio (CR) to verify the consistency of the compari

ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Shih-Chieh Hsu. Constructing a Travel Risks’ Evaluation Model for Tour Freelancers Based on the ANP Approach. Advances in Operations Research 2016, 2016, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Shih-Chieh Hsu. Constructing a Travel Risks’ Evaluation Model for Tour Freelancers Based on the ANP Approach. Advances in Operations Research. 2016; 2016 ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Shih-Chieh Hsu. 2016. "Constructing a Travel Risks’ Evaluation Model for Tour Freelancers Based on the ANP Approach." Advances in Operations Research 2016, no. : 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2016 in Journal of Testing and Evaluation
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ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; S.-C. Hsu. Evaluating Travel Risks From the Freelancer Perspective. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 2016, 44, 20160012 .

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, S.-C. Hsu. Evaluating Travel Risks From the Freelancer Perspective. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2016; 44 (5):20160012.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; S.-C. Hsu. 2016. "Evaluating Travel Risks From the Freelancer Perspective." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 44, no. 5: 20160012.

Journal article
Published: 07 October 2015 in Journal of Testing and Evaluation
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ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Chuan Lee; Jun-Kun Lin. Using the Fuzzy TODIM Method as a Decision Making Support Methodology for House Purchasing. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 2015, 44, 1 .

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Chuan Lee, Jun-Kun Lin. Using the Fuzzy TODIM Method as a Decision Making Support Methodology for House Purchasing. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2015; 44 (5):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Chuan Lee; Jun-Kun Lin. 2015. "Using the Fuzzy TODIM Method as a Decision Making Support Methodology for House Purchasing." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 44, no. 5: 1.

Original articles
Published: 01 October 2013 in Journal of Convention & Event Tourism
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Conventions and exhibitions are the fastest growing segment of the tourism market. Prior research has focused on the attendee perspective. This study classified exhibitor perspectives on host organization service quality using six criteria, including exhibition marketing, exhibition design, surrounding environment, service personnel, booth management, and service information. The Analytic Hierarchy Process was used to investigate exhibitor service quality. The analytical results showed that exhibition marketing was the most important criteria to exhibitors, including Internet exposure and inviting specific overseas buyers. The findings of this study can help governments and other organizations to satisfy demand in exhibition market.

ACS Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Chiu Wen Lin. Exhibitor Perspectives of Exhibition Service Quality. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism 2013, 14, 293 -308.

AMA Style

Chin-Tsai Lin, Chiu Wen Lin. Exhibitor Perspectives of Exhibition Service Quality. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism. 2013; 14 (4):293-308.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Tsai Lin; Chiu Wen Lin. 2013. "Exhibitor Perspectives of Exhibition Service Quality." Journal of Convention & Event Tourism 14, no. 4: 293-308.