The aim of this study is to determine the effects of different concentrations of albendazole and lansoprazole, which were benzimidazole derivatives, on endocrinologic and biochemical parameters in experimental type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats. In this study, 46 male Wistar Albino rats were used. Animals were divided as healthy control (0.1 mL/rat/day saline, s.c, n=6), diabetes control (0.1 mL/rat/day saline, s.c, n=8), diabetes+low-dose albendazole (5 mg/kg, oral, n=8), diabetes+high-dose albendazole (10 mg/kg, oral n=8), diabetes+low-dose lansoprazole (15 mg/kg, subcutaneous, n=8) and diabetes+high-dose lansoprazole (30 mg/kg, subcutaneous, n=8). All groups were treated for 8 weeks. The blood samples were analyzed by autoanalyzer and ELISA kits for biochemical and endocrinological parameters, respectively. Glucose, HbA1c, triglyceride, LDL, leptin, and HOMA-IR levels increased and insulin and HOMA-ß levels decreased in the diabetic rats compared to the healthy control group. The glucose, HbA1c, and triglyceride levels were partially decreased however insulin and HOMA-ß levels were increased by low-dose albendazole therapy. The high dose of lansoprazole treatment increased insulin level. The lansoprazole and albendazole treatments can be a potential drug or combined with antidiabetic drugs in T2D treatment by AMPK, PPAR, incretin-like effect and other antidiabetic mechanisms. It may be beneficial to create an effective treatment strategy by developing more specific substances with benzimidazole scaffold.

In the present study, combined treatment with etanercept and anakinra were tested in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into 5 groups: healthy control (HC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic + anakinra (DAT), diabetic + etanercept (DET), and diabetic + etanercept + anakinra (DEAT). HC and DC groups received subcutaneous (s.c.) injection with a saline solution, while DAT and DET groups received anakinra (10 mg/kg per day, s.c.) or etanercept (10 mg/kg, twice a week, s.c.), and DEAT rats received both anakinra and etanercept treatments for 21 days after diabetes has developed. Anakinra and etanercept treatments significantly increased insulin and homeostatic model assessment β-cell function levels and decreased glucose levels compared to the DC group as single (DAT and DET) and combined treatments (DEAT). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level was significantly decreased in DAT group. The combine use of etanercept and anakinra can improve insulin and blood glucose in type 2 diabetic rats. The combined treatment of anakinra and etanercept together was more effective than single treatment and might have a potential new treatment strategy and to reduce the mortality and morbidity resulting from diabetes.

This investigation focuses on understanding the pharmacokinetic behavior of intravenously administered carprofen at doses of 0.7, 1.4, and 4 mg/kg in goats. Eighteen animals were randomly assigned into three groups, with six goats per group, and blood samples were collected at 22 time points post-administration. Plasma concentrations were analyzed using a validated HPLC-UV method, and key pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using non-compartmental analysis. Results show that, at 0.7 mg/kg, carprofen exhibited the total clearance (Cl_T) of 2.19 mL/h/kg, volume of distribution at steady state (V_dss) of 126.56 mL/kg, area under the curve (AUC_0-last) of 321.00 h*µg/mL, and elimination half-life (t_1/2ʎz) of 44.32 h. When comparing doses, an increase in Cl_T was observed at 4 mg/kg, and the volume of distribution increased at both 1.4 and 4 mg/kg dosages. Additionally, a reduction in dose-normalized AUC_0-last was evident at the highest dose. Data showed that the effect of the drug may be prolonged as the dose increases. These differences between dose groups may be clinically insignificant after the single administration of all doses. Carprofen can be used at all three dose levels in goats; however, vigilance regarding the potential side effects and drug residues is essential, especially during repeated treatments.

In this study, it was aimed to compare the treatments of enrofloxacin and tulatromycin in sheep with pneumonia caused by Pasteuralla multicida. A total of 45 female Tuj sheep between the ages of 2-6 were used in the study. Group 1 enrofloxacin administered 15 sheep, group 2 tulatromycin administered 15 sheep, and 15 healthy sheep of the same age group and characteristics formed the control group. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were obtained from sheep with clinical signs (cough, purulent, serous, mucopurulent nasal discharge) of respiratory system disease. After the microbiological examination of the samples taken, those positive for Pasteuralla multicida were included in the study. Blood samples (10 mL) from the Vena jugularis were collected in serum tubes with K2EDTA and gel from the sick animals before and after the treatment as well as once from the control group. In our study, rectal temperature, respirations per minute and pulse rates before treatment were found to be statistically significantly higher in patient groups compared to the control group (P<0.001). Total leukocyte count was found to be higher in the patient groups before treatment compared to the control group (P=0.010). Among the biochemical parameters, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatine kinase levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in the patient groups compared to the control group before treatment (P<0.05). Clinical improvement was observed from the 3th day in group 2 and from the 5th day in group 1. As a result, administration of a single dose of tulatromycin resulted in earlier clinical improvement than administration of enrofloxacin for one week. At the same time, it was concluded that tulatromycin is more beneficial and practical in terms of a single application.