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Gertraud Meißl
Department of Geography University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria

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Special issue paper
Published: 25 April 2021 in Hydrological Processes
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The Brixenbach valley is a small Alpine torrent catchment (9.2 km2, 820‐1950 m a.s.l., 47.45°, 12.26°) in Tyrol, Austria. Intensive hydrological research in the catchment since more twelve years, including hydrogeological survey, pedological and land use mapping, measurements of precipitation, runoff, soil moisture and infiltration as well as the conduction of rainfall simulations, has contributed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment, its subcatchments and specific sites. The paper presents a synthesis of the research in form of runoff process maps for different soil moisture states and precipitation characteristics, derived with the aid of a newly developed Soil‐hydrological model. These maps clearly visualize the differing runoff reaction of different subcatchments. The pasture dominated areas produce high surface flow rates during short precipitation events (1 h, 86 mm) with high rainfall intensity, whilst the forested areas often develop shallow subsurface flow. Dry preconditions lead to a slight reduction of surface flow, long rainfall events (24 h, 170 mm) to a dominance of deep subsurface flow and percolation.

ACS Style

Gertraud Meißl; Clemens Geitner; Andreas Batliner; Klaus Klebinder; Bernhard Kohl; Gerhard Markart. Brixenbach research catchment: Quantification of runoff process proportions in a small Alpine catchment depending on soil moisture states and precipitation characteristics. Hydrological Processes 2021, 35, 1 .

AMA Style

Gertraud Meißl, Clemens Geitner, Andreas Batliner, Klaus Klebinder, Bernhard Kohl, Gerhard Markart. Brixenbach research catchment: Quantification of runoff process proportions in a small Alpine catchment depending on soil moisture states and precipitation characteristics. Hydrological Processes. 2021; 35 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gertraud Meißl; Clemens Geitner; Andreas Batliner; Klaus Klebinder; Bernhard Kohl; Gerhard Markart. 2021. "Brixenbach research catchment: Quantification of runoff process proportions in a small Alpine catchment depending on soil moisture states and precipitation characteristics." Hydrological Processes 35, no. 6: 1.

Research article
Published: 02 January 2021 in Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
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Rockfalls are a major aspect concerning morphodynamics in high mountain areas and represent a serious hazard for people and infrastructure. Recently, an increase of rockfall activity has been observed which is probably related to the destabilization of rock slopes through climate-related changes of the mountain cryosphere. This study investigates the rockfall distribution during a 4-year monitoring period by systematic observation with bi-temporal Airborne Laser Scanning DTMs in an area of 610.7 km² in the Ötztal Alps/Tyrol, Austria. The analyses of the 93 detected rockfall events indicate that rockfall activity is highest in proglacial areas. Further 83.9% of all rockfall source areas were mapped in bedrock where the modelled mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) indicates perennial frozen conditions. The results demonstrate the importance of thermal effects on the destabilization of rock faces and show that the triggering of rockfalls is closely related to changes in the glacier and permafrost regime. 18 low-magnitude rockfalls with volumes between 69 ± 3 m³ and 8420 ± 89 m³ are examined in detail. On the base of the analysis of these events energy line angles of 28.7° for the Fahrböschung and 19.9° for the minimum shadow angle can be derived and significantly longer runout distances on glaciated rockfall paths are observed.

ACS Style

Bettina Knoflach; Hannah Tussetschläger; Rudolf Sailer; Gertraud Meißl; Johann Stötter. High mountain rockfall dynamics: rockfall activity and runout assessment under the aspect of a changing cryosphere. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 2021, 103, 83 -102.

AMA Style

Bettina Knoflach, Hannah Tussetschläger, Rudolf Sailer, Gertraud Meißl, Johann Stötter. High mountain rockfall dynamics: rockfall activity and runout assessment under the aspect of a changing cryosphere. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. 2021; 103 (1):83-102.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bettina Knoflach; Hannah Tussetschläger; Rudolf Sailer; Gertraud Meißl; Johann Stötter. 2021. "High mountain rockfall dynamics: rockfall activity and runout assessment under the aspect of a changing cryosphere." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 103, no. 1: 83-102.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2020 in Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies
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Brixenbach catchment (10 km²), Kitzbuehel Alps, Tyrol, Austria. This study presents the data of one of the rare soil moisture networks in the Alps, a 9-year soil moisture time series recorded at 8 sites with in-situ measurements (six pasture and two forest sites). We aim at understanding the soil moisture behaviour in general, its reaction to rainfall considering the site characteristics and the runoff reaction depending on the antecedent soil moisture content. We analysed soil moisture, rainfall and discharge data with a temporal resolution of one hour (summer months) and two hours (autumn to spring) respectively and interpreted the results in terms of land use and topographical features. The medians of the soil moisture positively correlate with the sites’ altitude. Comparing spatial standard deviation of soil moisture versus spatial mean shows a high scatter of the standard deviations, contrary to previous studies, which use considerably shorter time series. The spatial variability increases with spatial mean, thus the highest spatial variability is recorded at wet conditions. The catchment shows clear threshold behaviour: Runoff coefficients above 0.23 only occurred when the soil moisture spatial mean of the eight sites overrun 43.5 vol% which can be translated into a saturation deficit of 0.28.

ACS Style

Gertraud Meißl; Thomas Zieher; Clemens Geitner. Runoff response to rainfall events considering initial soil moisture – Analysis of 9-year records in a small Alpine catchment (Brixenbach valley, Tyrol, Austria). Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 2020, 30, 100711 .

AMA Style

Gertraud Meißl, Thomas Zieher, Clemens Geitner. Runoff response to rainfall events considering initial soil moisture – Analysis of 9-year records in a small Alpine catchment (Brixenbach valley, Tyrol, Austria). Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 2020; 30 ():100711.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gertraud Meißl; Thomas Zieher; Clemens Geitner. 2020. "Runoff response to rainfall events considering initial soil moisture – Analysis of 9-year records in a small Alpine catchment (Brixenbach valley, Tyrol, Austria)." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 30, no. : 100711.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2018 in Agronomy
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While science widely acknowledges the necessity of climate change adaptation (CCA), concrete strategies for CCA by major land-use actor groups at a local level are largely missing. Immediate economic challenges often prevent the establishment of long-term collective strategies. However, collective decisions on a communal level regarding land use are crucial for CCA strategies, given the interdependencies of farming with forestry, tourism, and other economic sectors, especially in mountain areas. This paper presents inter- and trans-disciplinary learning processes, which have evolved into a project modelling the hydrological effects of combined future climate and land-use changes based on the combined scenarios of climate and socio-economic change in an Alpine valley (Brixental in Tyrol/Austria). Locally adapted scenarios illustrate future land-use changes as a result of both climate change and different socio-economic developments. The hydrological results show how an increase in the forested area reduces streamflow (as a measure of water availability) in the long term. For local stakeholders, the process demonstrated clearly the interdependence of different economic sectors and the necessity for collective action at a regional level to influence socio-economic development. Moreover, it made them aware that local decisions on future land use may influence the effects of climate change. Consistent storylines helped stakeholders to visualize a desired future and to see their scope of influence. The transdisciplinary research process allowed local stakeholders to translate the hydrological modelling results into a concrete local CCA strategy.

ACS Style

Markus Schermer; Rike Stotten; Ulrich Strasser; Gertraud Meißl; Thomas Marke; Kristian Förster; Herbert Formayer. The Role of Transdisciplinary Research for Agricultural Climate Change Adaptation Strategies. Agronomy 2018, 8, 237 .

AMA Style

Markus Schermer, Rike Stotten, Ulrich Strasser, Gertraud Meißl, Thomas Marke, Kristian Förster, Herbert Formayer. The Role of Transdisciplinary Research for Agricultural Climate Change Adaptation Strategies. Agronomy. 2018; 8 (11):237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markus Schermer; Rike Stotten; Ulrich Strasser; Gertraud Meißl; Thomas Marke; Kristian Förster; Herbert Formayer. 2018. "The Role of Transdisciplinary Research for Agricultural Climate Change Adaptation Strategies." Agronomy 8, no. 11: 237.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2018 in Hydrological Sciences Journal
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ACS Style

Kristian Förster; Jakob Garvelmann; Gertraud Meißl; Ulrich Strasser. Modelling forest snow processes with a new version of WaSiM. Hydrological Sciences Journal 2018, 63, 1540 -1557.

AMA Style

Kristian Förster, Jakob Garvelmann, Gertraud Meißl, Ulrich Strasser. Modelling forest snow processes with a new version of WaSiM. Hydrological Sciences Journal. 2018; 63 (10):1540-1557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kristian Förster; Jakob Garvelmann; Gertraud Meißl; Ulrich Strasser. 2018. "Modelling forest snow processes with a new version of WaSiM." Hydrological Sciences Journal 63, no. 10: 1540-1557.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in CATENA
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ACS Style

Christoph Mayerhofer; Gertraud Meißl; Klaus Klebinder; Bernhard Kohl; Gerhard Markart. Comparison of the results of a small-plot and a large-plot rainfall simulator – Effects of land use and land cover on surface runoff in Alpine catchments. CATENA 2017, 156, 184 -196.

AMA Style

Christoph Mayerhofer, Gertraud Meißl, Klaus Klebinder, Bernhard Kohl, Gerhard Markart. Comparison of the results of a small-plot and a large-plot rainfall simulator – Effects of land use and land cover on surface runoff in Alpine catchments. CATENA. 2017; 156 ():184-196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christoph Mayerhofer; Gertraud Meißl; Klaus Klebinder; Bernhard Kohl; Gerhard Markart. 2017. "Comparison of the results of a small-plot and a large-plot rainfall simulator – Effects of land use and land cover on surface runoff in Alpine catchments." CATENA 156, no. : 184-196.

Article
Published: 26 January 2017 in Hydrological Processes
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Floods and debris flows in small Alpine torrent catchments (<10 km2) arise from a combination of critical antecedent system state conditions and mostly convective precipitation events with high precipitation intensities. Thus, climate change may influence the magnitude–frequency relationship of extreme events twofold: by a modification of the occurrence probabilities of critical hydrological system conditions and by a change of event precipitation characteristics. Three small Alpine catchments in different altitudes in Western Austria (Ruggbach, Brixenbach and Längentalbach catchment) were investigated by both field experiments and process-based simulation. Rainfall–runoff model (HQsim) runs driven by localized climate scenarios (CNRM-RM4.5/ARPEGE, MPI-REMO/ECHAM5 and ICTP-RegCM3/ECHAM5) were used in order to estimate future frequencies of stormflow triggering system state conditions. According to the differing altitudes of the study catchments, two effects of climate change on the hydrological systems can be observed. On one hand, the seasonal system state conditions of medium altitude catchments are most strongly affected by air temperature-controlled processes such as the development of the winter snow cover as well as evapotranspiration. On the other hand, the unglaciated high-altitude catchment is less sensitive to climate change-induced shifts regarding days with critical antecedent soil moisture and desiccated litter layer due to its elevation-related small proportion of sensitive areas. For the period 2071–2100, the number of days with critical antecedent soil moisture content will be significantly reduced to about 60% or even less in summer in all catchments. In contrast, the number of days with dried-out litter layers causing hydrophobic effects will increase by up to 8%–11% of the days in the two lower altitude catchments. The intensity analyses of heavy precipitation events indicate a clear increase in rain intensities of up to 10%.

ACS Style

Gertraud Meißl; Herbert Formayer; Klaus Klebinder; Florian Kerl; Friedrich Schöberl; Clemens Geitner; Gerhard Markart; David Leidinger; Axel Bronstert. Climate change effects on hydrological system conditions influencing generation of storm runoff in small Alpine catchments. Hydrological Processes 2017, 31, 1314 -1330.

AMA Style

Gertraud Meißl, Herbert Formayer, Klaus Klebinder, Florian Kerl, Friedrich Schöberl, Clemens Geitner, Gerhard Markart, David Leidinger, Axel Bronstert. Climate change effects on hydrological system conditions influencing generation of storm runoff in small Alpine catchments. Hydrological Processes. 2017; 31 (6):1314-1330.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gertraud Meißl; Herbert Formayer; Klaus Klebinder; Florian Kerl; Friedrich Schöberl; Clemens Geitner; Gerhard Markart; David Leidinger; Axel Bronstert. 2017. "Climate change effects on hydrological system conditions influencing generation of storm runoff in small Alpine catchments." Hydrological Processes 31, no. 6: 1314-1330.

Articles
Published: 22 March 2016 in Hydrological Sciences Journal
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This study presents an adaptation of the double-ring infiltrometer (DRI) device, which allows several infiltration experiments to be conducted at the same location. Hence, it becomes possible to use the DRI method to investigate infiltration behaviour under different initial soil moisture conditions. The main feature is the splitting of the inner ring into two parts. While the lower part remains in the soil throughout the investigation period, the upper part is attached to the lower one just before the infiltration experiment. This method was applied to eight test sites in an Alpine catchment, covering different land-use/cover types. The results demonstrated the applicability of the adapted system and showed correlations between total water infiltration and initial soil moisture conditions on pastures, independent of the underlying soil type. In contrast, no correlation was found at forest sites or wetlands. Thus, the study emphasizes the importance of paying special attention to the impact of initial soil moisture conditions on the infiltration—and consequently the runoff behaviour—at managed areas. Given the differences in the total infiltrated water of between 30 and 1306 mm, consideration of the interplay between initial soil moisture conditions, land-use/cover type, and soil properties in rainfall–runoff models is a prerequisite to predict runoff production accurately.

ACS Style

Romed Ruggenthaler; Gertraud Meißl; Clemens Geitner; Georg Leitinger; Nikolaus Endstrasser; Friedrich Schöberl. Investigating the impact of initial soil moisture conditions on total infiltration by using an adapted double-ring infiltrometer. Hydrological Sciences Journal 2016, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Romed Ruggenthaler, Gertraud Meißl, Clemens Geitner, Georg Leitinger, Nikolaus Endstrasser, Friedrich Schöberl. Investigating the impact of initial soil moisture conditions on total infiltration by using an adapted double-ring infiltrometer. Hydrological Sciences Journal. 2016; ():1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Romed Ruggenthaler; Gertraud Meißl; Clemens Geitner; Georg Leitinger; Nikolaus Endstrasser; Friedrich Schöberl. 2016. "Investigating the impact of initial soil moisture conditions on total infiltration by using an adapted double-ring infiltrometer." Hydrological Sciences Journal , no. : 1-17.