Background:Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading global cause of mortality and are increasingly recognised as a systemic metabolic–inflammatory disorder. Physical inactivity is a major modifiable risk factor, while regular physical activity is associated with broad cardiometabolic benefits. Methods:This narrative review synthesises evidence from meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, and mechanistic studies identified through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and JACC. Studies evaluating aerobic, resistance, combined, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) were included. Outcomes included cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation, metabolic health, cardiorespiratory fitness, and clinical endpoints. Results:Regular physical activity reduces systemic inflammation (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α), improves endothelial function, and enhances insulin sensitivity. Combined aerobic and resistance training provides superior improvements in glycaemic control, including HbA1c reductions (~0.5%), fasting glucose, and lipid profiles compared with single-modality exercise. Clinically relevant reductions in blood pressure are observed, particularly in hypertensive populations (systolic ~5–10 mmHg). Exercise improves lipid profiles (↑HDL, ↓LDL and triglycerides) and reduces visceral fat (~7–20%). Improvements in VO₂ peak are strongly associated with reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A dose–response relationship is evident, with optimal benefits at 150–300 min/week of moderate-intensity activity. Sedentary behaviour independently increases cardiovascular risk. Despite benefits, adherence remains suboptimal, although digital tools and personalised interventions improve compliance. Conclusion:Physical activity is a cornerstone of cardiovascular disease prevention and management, improving metabolic, inflammatory, and haemodynamic health. Individualised and technology-supported exercise strategies may enhance long-term adherence and maximise clinical benefit.

Caffeine is one of the most widely used ergogenic aids in sport, known for its performance-enhancing effects on endurance, strength, and cognitive function. Beyond these well-established roles, emerging evidence suggests that caffeine may also influence biological pathways associated with carcinogenesis. This narrative review provides a sports-oriented perspective on caffeine as a bioactive compound with potential implications extending beyond performance. Current evidence indicates that caffeine modulates mechanisms such as DNA damage response, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and immune regulation. While experimental findings suggest possible anticancer effects, human evidence remains inconsistent and largely observational. Given the widespread and repeated use of caffeine in athletic populations, understanding its broader biological impact is essential. Although caffeine cannot be considered an anticancer agent, its dual role in performance enhancement and health-related pathways highlights the need for integrative research bridging sports science and oncology.

Background/Objectives: Stroke and arteriosclerotic diseases remain the main challenge for global healthcare. Carotid artery procedures aim to restore blood flow through the carotid arteries to prevent embolic events. The most common techniques include carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS). The choice of intervention depends on the severity of stenosis, the patient’s overall condition and the presence of comorbidities. The personalized approach, which includes sex-related differences, is crucial in optimizing the outcome. Methods: Sex-related differences in atherosclerosis risk factors and early carotid artery stenting treatment outcomes were evaluated in 271 patients. The goal of the study was to asses sex-related differences in early outcome of CAS, including success rate and complications. Results: The only significant difference in classical arteriosclerosis risk factors included a higher occurrence of smoking among males. The technical success rate of carotid artery stenting was high (94.46%). The sex-related differences in CAS involve using smaller sizes of implanted stents in females. There was a high incidence of complications (mostly minor), predominantly among females. They had a significantly higher frequency of bleeding and hypotension. Blood pressure and BMI significantly influenced the odds of complications. Conclusions: Females undergoing CAS have a higher complication risk with a similar success rate.

Repetitive head impacts (RHI) represent an important and often underestimated risk factor for impaired brain function in individuals participating in contact sports, including amateur athletes. Although they often do not result in clinically diagnosed concussions, research shows that even sub-concussive impacts can lead to measurable changes in brain structure and function, including alterations in white matter integrity and neural connectivity. Their cumulative nature plays a key role, as repeated low-intensity impacts may trigger processes such as axonal injury and neuroinflammation, which can develop gradually and remain undetected in standard clinical assessments. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated subtle abnormalities even in asymptomatic individuals. These changes have been associated with declines in cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and processing speed, with their severity depending on exposure and individual susceptibility.

Background: Post-stroke spasticity (PSS) affects up to 42% of stroke survivors and significantly impairs rehabilitation. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a first-line pharmacological treatment that reduces muscle overactivity by inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. Aim: To summarize the current evidence on BoNT-A therapy for PSS, with emphasis on mechanisms of action, optimal administration timing, injection guidance, dosing, safety, and functional outcomes, to inform individualized neurorehabilitation. Material and Methods: A literature search of PubMed was conducted to identify relevant studies on the efficacy and safety of BoNT-A in adult patients with PSS (2013–2026). Records were screened by title, abstract, and full text against predefined inclusion criteria. Results: BoNT-A effectively reduces PSS with Grade A evidence, with the greatest benefit when administered early (3–12 weeks post-stroke). Imaging- or electrophysiology-guided injections improve precision. Therapeutic effects are temporary (approximately 12 weeks), requiring repeated administration. Adverse events are mild and uncommon, supporting a favorable safety profile. Conclusions: BoNT-A is a safe and effective treatment for PSS, particularly when initiated early and guided by imaging or electrophysiological techniques. Its impact on functional recovery remains variable, highlighting the need for individualized treatment strategies integrated with comprehensive rehabilitation programs.