In the arid and semi-arid climate of Southern Kazakhstan, groundwater is the primary and most resilient source of water for pasture irrigation. This study provides an integrated assessment of the predicted, natural, and operational groundwater resources across five administrative regions—Almaty, Zhetysu, Zhambyl, Kyzylorda, and Turkestan—considering water quality (total dissolved solids, TDS), potential well yield, and aquifer depth. Hydrogeological maps at 1:200,000 and 1:1,000,000 scales, a regional well inventory, and GIS-based spatial analysis were combined to classify resource availability and identify surplus and deficit zones. Results show that 92.5% of predicted exploitable resources (totaling 1155.2 m³/s) have TDS ≤ 3 g/L, making them suitable for domestic and livestock use. Regional disparities are pronounced: Zhetysu, Almaty, and Zhambyl exhibit resource surpluses, Kyzylorda approaches balance, while Turkestan faces a marked deficit. The developed groundwater availability map integrates mineralization, well productivity, and recommended drilling depth, enabling the design of water intake systems without costly field exploration. This decision-support tool has practical value for optimizing water allocation, reducing operational costs, and improving the sustainability of pasture management under the constraints of limited surface water resources.

The growing demand for efficient and sustainable materials for air purification has stimulated interest in activated carbons derived from renewable biomass resources. In this study, activated carbons were prepared from Rice Husk, Wheat Straw, Sawdust, and Walnut shells and systematically investigated as sorbents for toxic gases and volatile organic compounds. The materials were characterized using nitrogen and water vapor sorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray and XPS analysis to evaluate their textural properties, morphology, thermal stability, and surface chemistry. The results showed that the precursor type strongly influences the pore structure and functional group composition of the activated carbons. Wheat straw and Rice Husk-derived activated carbons exhibited the highest total pore volume and a well-developed porous structure, together with a high content of oxygen- and silicon-containing elements. Gas breakthrough experiments with different probes showed that Wheat Straw-derived activated carbon excels in non-polar VOC—cyclohexane removal due to its highly microporous structure. In contrast, Rice Husk-derived activated carbon displays strong affinity toward inorganic gases such as NH₃ and, after urea modification, achieves enhanced performance for SO₂. These results underscore the versatility and practical applicability of carbon materials obtained from plant residues.

This article discusses the development and laboratory testing of a new Type I deicing fluid formulation designed to prevent icing on aircraft and other surfaces. The primary objective of the study was to create an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and highly effective formulation capable of maintaining its properties at extremely low temperatures. Propylene glycol was used as the key component, supplemented with sodium benzoate (an antiseptic), a surfactant, and food coloring for easy visual inspection. Experiments were conducted in accordance with GOST 28084 and GOST 22567.5, including assessment of density, pH, alkalinity, crystallization temperature, and corrosive effects on metals (steel, aluminum, and cast iron). The results showed that increasing the propylene glycol concentration in the solution significantly reduced the crystallization temperature, reaching -70°C at 80% concentration. All samples demonstrated minimal corrosive activity, making them safe for use on metal structures. Composition No. 4 proved to be the most effective, combining high frost resistance (-70°C), low corrosiveness, environmental safety, and ease of manufacture. An additional advantage is the visible coloring, which simplifies application control. The obtained results confirm the practical applicability of the developed composition in aviation, transport, and utilities. This study makes a significant contribution to the development of deicing technologies, offering an innovative composition that meets modern requirements for efficiency, safety, and affordability. Prospects for further research include optimization of the composition to reduce corrosive effects and studying the long-term stability of the fluid's properties under real-world operating conditions.

This article is aimed at a comprehensive study of the physical properties of anti-icing fluids (AIFs), as well as the experimental development of an improved composition with increased efficiency. The study covers the most common types of AIFs - I and IV, which differ in purpose, viscosity, density and application conditions. In particular, type I fluids are used to remove already formed ice and snow using hot solutions, and type IV fluids are used to create a stable protective film on the aircraft surface, preventing the formation of ice during takeoff and the beginning of the flight. The work included laboratory measurements of key physical parameters such as density, kinematic and dynamic viscosity, and minimum crystallization temperature. Laboratory scales and a graduated cylinder with an accurate volume dosage were used to determine the density. Viscosity measurements were performed using a VPZh-4 capillary viscometer, and the crystallization temperature was determined using a MEGEON 72012 refractometer, capable of recording changes in light refraction at different concentrations of glycol solutions. The results showed that Type IV fluids are characterized by higher density and viscosity, which contributes to longer retention of the composition on the surface and, accordingly, longer protection against icing. The crystallization temperature for this group of fluids reaches -72 °C, which makes them suitable for operation in severe climatic conditions. At the same time, Type I fluids have lower viscosity and lower density, which makes them suitable for preliminary surface treatment before takeoff, but requires prompt application and a shorter time window before takeoff. As a result of the conducted research, conclusions were made about the need for a comprehensive approach to the development of new anti-icing compounds, including not only the study of the chemical composition, but also a deep analysis of the physical properties. Based on the data obtained, directions for further optimization of liquids were proposed, considering new materials used in aircraft structures, including composites with low thermal conductivity.