This paper presents a Vibration-based Track Anomaly Detection (VTAD) system designed for real-time monitoring of urban tram infrastructure. The novelty of VTAD is that it converts existing public transport vehicles into distributed mobile sensor platforms, eliminating the need for specialized diagnostic trains. The system integrates low-cost micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) accelerometers, Global Positioning System (GPS) modules, and Espressif 32-bit microcontrollers (ESP32) with wireless data transmission via Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), enabling scalable and continuous condition monitoring. A stringent ±6σ statistical threshold was applied to vertical vibration signals, minimizing false alarms while preserving sensitivity to critical faults. Field tests conducted on multiple tram routes in Zagreb, Croatia, confirmed that the VTAD system can reliably detect and locate anomalies with meter-level accuracy, validated by repeated measurements. These results show that VTAD provides a cost-effective, scalable, and operationally validated predictive maintenance solution that supports integration into intelligent transportation systems and smart city infrastructure.

Audio systems with unbalanced connections are susceptible to interference from ground loops, which manifests as hum and noise. This paper introduces and evaluates a novel passive Audio Interference Suppressor in Analog Audio Interface (AISAAI) designed to mitigate this problem. The AISAAI circuit is inserted between an audio device’s rectifier ground and its protective earth terminal, creating an optimized impedance path that reduces interference while ensuring safety. This approach is analyzed within a proposed Analog Audio Interconnection System (AAIS) framework. Experimental results show that common-mode voltages from protective earth potential differences are the primary source of interference. The optimized AISAAI suppressor achieves a consistent 15–30 dB reduction in measured audio interference across the audio band, regardless of the interconnect cable characteristics. This study confirms AISAAI as an effective solution for reducing ground loop noise in unbalanced audio systems and underlines the usefulness of the AAIS model for systemic analysis.