Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is an increasingly important non-invasive method for administering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) through the skin barrier, offering advantages such as improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced systemic side effects. As demand increases for patient-friendly and minimally invasive treatment options, TDD has attracted substantial attention in research and clinical practice. This review summarizes recent advances enhancing skin permeability through chemical enhancers (e.g., ethanol, fatty acids, terpenes), physical (e.g., iontophoresis, microneedles, sonophoresis), and nanotechnological methods (e.g., liposomes, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and transferosomes). A comprehensive literature analysis, including scientific publications, regulatory guidelines, and patents, was conducted to identify innovative methods and materials used to overcome the barrier properties of the stratum corneum. Special emphasis was placed on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation techniques for such as Franz diffusion cells for assessing drug permeation and skin interactions. The findings highlight the importance of active physical methods, passive nanostructured systems, and chemical penetration enhancers. In conclusion, integrating multiple analytical techniques is essential for the rational design and optimization of effective transdermal drug delivery systems.

Alveolitis remains a common postoperative complication following tooth extraction, characterized by inflammation and delayed socket healing. Collagen-based materials have shown promise in promoting tissue regeneration and reducing inflammation. This review evaluates the efficacy of collagen in the prevention of alveolitis, with a focus on the development and application of topical delivery systems such as gels and collagen sponges. Special attention is given to the local application of these systems within the extraction socket and their performance under oral conditions. The study analyzes current evidence on the pathogenesis of alveolitis, the biological properties of collagen relevant to wound healing, and pharmaceutical strategies for enhancing its clinical effectiveness. The findings support the feasibility of using biodegradable, site-specific collagen-based formulations for alveolitis prevention. Such systems may provide a prolonged therapeutic effect, stabilize blood clots, reduce microbial contamination, and support angiogenesis and osteogenesis throughout the healing process. This approach offers a promising direction for improving post-extraction management protocols in dental surgery.

Objective: The objective of this study is to present the main screening parameters for the development of Spray Film-Forming Systems (SFFSs) using the design space. The focus is on characterizing the different phase states of SFFSs during application and establishing appropriate methods for determining the range of parameters. Methods: In this study, various methods were used to determine the range of SFFS parameters. These include contact angle determination, pH test, viscosity measurement, drying rate estimation, spray pattern determination, tensile strength test, and washability. The methods used were evaluated and found to be effective in assessing the quality parameters of liquid concentrates, aerosols, and films of commercially available SFFS samples. Results: Three states (liquid, aerosol, and solid) of commercially available SPSFs were evaluated using the techniques mentioned above. The applicability of the techniques and variability was discussed in comparison with similar studies. The results showed that the mean pH ranged from 5.43±0.02 to 6.63±0.05, the bioadhesion of liquid concentrates was in a narrow range of 4.49±0.52, the highest index of dynamic viscosity was 0.33±0.04, values of the spray pattern ranged from 6.19±1.97 to 17.46±2.72 cm2, bioadhesion values of the films ranged from 3.87 to 4.06 N, average values of film formation time were in the range of 65.55±12.65) s. 3 of the 4 samples had resistance to skin cracking, the tensile load of the commercial SFFS films varied from 2.91±0.3 to 5.11±0.65 N, and the tensile strength from 1.07±0.11 to 1.20±0.3 mPa. All films were not washed off with water. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate the successful application of tested methods in determining the range of parameters for SFFSs. The established values for indicators of liquid concentrates can serve as a basis for the further development of SFFSs. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding and standardization of Spray Film-Forming Systems for wounds, enabling their effective development and application in local skin treatments.

Introduction. Spray film-forming systems (SFFSs) are dosage forms that form an in situ film when sprayed. One of the key features of SFFSs is partial vapor permeability, a special case of occlusion. Various methods assess vapor permeability by determining the occlusion factor, but disparate approaches in studies prevent harmonizing results and identifying optimal parameters.Aim. Development of a methodology for determining the vapor permeability of spray film-forming systems, measuring the occlusion factor and studying the most significant factors affecting the accuracy of determining this characteristic.Materials and methods. Determination of vapor permeability was carried out using a special setup, consisting of a cell with water and a membrane fixed over it, on which the model composition was applied. Measurement cylinders of 25 ml (Russia) or penicillin vials with a smooth neck of 10 ml (Russia), membranes for filtration and dialysis (nylon, EPM.K, LLC RME "Technofilter", Russia), dialysis bags MEMBRA-CEL® (cellulose acetate, Viskase Companies, Inc., USA) and Sartopure® PP3 (polypropylene, Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Germany) were used. As sealants to isolate airflow around the membrane Parafilm M, C-silicone ZetaPlus L Intro Kit (Zhermack, Poland, Italy), hotmelt adhesive Master Hand (Union Source Со., Ltd., China), UV-curable material "UNIREST" (LLC "StomaDent", Russia) were used. Comparative analysis of materials was carried out on a model composition containing 0.5 % (m/o) Kollicoat® MAE 100P (BASF, Germany), 3 % (m/o) Soluplus® (BASF, Germany), 2 % (m/o) Kollisolv® PEG-400 (BASF, Germany), 70 % ethyl alcohol (SOJSC "Ferein", Belarus).Results and discussion. The combination of Parafilm M and the presented sealants showed high performance. Synthetic membrane occlusion factor for the model substance varied depending on the membrane type from 9.35 ± 3.58 to 16.86 ± 6.09, reflecting low-medium degree of occlusion.Conclusion. In this study optimized techniques for determining the vapor permeability for SFFS were developed. It was observed that rationalized membrane selection, consideration of the probability of moisture absorption by the membranes, method of sealing and cell calibrations, temperature and humidity levels, and vapor pressure were necessary.