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The Selvagens Islands, which are a marine protected area located at the southernmost point of the Portuguese maritime zone, have been associated with fish harboring ciguatoxins (CTX) and linked to ciguatera fish poisonings. This study reports the results of a field sampling campaign carried out in September 2018 in these remote and rarely surveyed islands. Fifty-six fish specimens from different trophic levels were caught for CTX-like toxicity determination by cell-based assay (CBA) and toxin content analysis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Notably, high toxicity levels were found in fish with an intermediate position in the food web, such as zebra seabream (Diplodus cervinus) and barred hogfish (Bodianus scrofa), reaching levels up to 0.75 µg CTX1B equivalent kg−1. The LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed that C-CTX1 was the main toxin, but discrepancies between CBA and LC-MS/MS in D. cervinus and top predator species, such as the yellowmouth barracuda (Sphyraena viridis) and amberjacks (Seriola spp.), suggest the presence of fish metabolic products, which need to be further elucidated. This study confirms that fish from coastal food webs of the Selvagens Islands represent a high risk of ciguatera, raising important issues for fisheries and environmental management of the Selvagens Islands.
Pedro Reis Costa; Pablo Estévez; Lucía Soliño; David Castro; Susana Margarida Rodrigues; Viriato Timoteo; José Manuel Leao-Martins; Carolina Santos; Neide Gouveia; Jorge Diogène; Ana Gago-Martínez. An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal). Toxins 2021, 13, 580 .
AMA StylePedro Reis Costa, Pablo Estévez, Lucía Soliño, David Castro, Susana Margarida Rodrigues, Viriato Timoteo, José Manuel Leao-Martins, Carolina Santos, Neide Gouveia, Jorge Diogène, Ana Gago-Martínez. An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal). Toxins. 2021; 13 (8):580.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro Reis Costa; Pablo Estévez; Lucía Soliño; David Castro; Susana Margarida Rodrigues; Viriato Timoteo; José Manuel Leao-Martins; Carolina Santos; Neide Gouveia; Jorge Diogène; Ana Gago-Martínez. 2021. "An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal)." Toxins 13, no. 8: 580.
Dinoflagellate species of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are known to produce ciguatera poisoning-associated toxic compounds, such as ciguatoxins, or other toxins, such as maitotoxins. However, many species and strains remain poorly characterized in areas where they were recently identified, such as the western Mediterranean Sea. In previous studies carried out by our research group, a G. australes strain from the Balearic Islands (Mediterranean Sea) presenting MTX-like activity was characterized by LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS detecting 44-methyl gambierone and gambieric acids C and D. However, MTX1, which is typically found in some G. australes strains from the Pacific Ocean, was not detected. Therefore, this study focuses on the identification of the compound responsible for the MTX-like toxicity in this strain. The G. australes strain was characterized not only using LC-MS instruments but also N2a-guided HPLC fractionation. Following this approach, several toxic compounds were identified in three fractions by LC-MS/MS and HRMS. A novel MTX analogue, named MTX5, was identified in the most toxic fraction, and 44-methyl gambierone and gambieric acids C and D contributed to the toxicity observed in other fractions of this strain. Thus, G. australes from the Mediterranean Sea produces MTX5 instead of MTX1 in contrast to some strains of the same species from the Pacific Ocean. No CTX precursors were detected, reinforcing the complexity of the identification of CTXs precursors in these regions.
Pablo Estevez; David Castro; José Manuel Leão-Martins; Manoëlla Sibat; Angels Tudó; Robert Dickey; Jorge Diogene; Philipp Hess; Ana Gago-Martinez. Toxicity Screening of a Gambierdiscus australes Strain from the Western Mediterranean Sea and Identification of a Novel Maitotoxin Analogue. Marine Drugs 2021, 19, 460 .
AMA StylePablo Estevez, David Castro, José Manuel Leão-Martins, Manoëlla Sibat, Angels Tudó, Robert Dickey, Jorge Diogene, Philipp Hess, Ana Gago-Martinez. Toxicity Screening of a Gambierdiscus australes Strain from the Western Mediterranean Sea and Identification of a Novel Maitotoxin Analogue. Marine Drugs. 2021; 19 (8):460.
Chicago/Turabian StylePablo Estevez; David Castro; José Manuel Leão-Martins; Manoëlla Sibat; Angels Tudó; Robert Dickey; Jorge Diogene; Philipp Hess; Ana Gago-Martinez. 2021. "Toxicity Screening of a Gambierdiscus australes Strain from the Western Mediterranean Sea and Identification of a Novel Maitotoxin Analogue." Marine Drugs 19, no. 8: 460.
Marine neurotoxins are extremely interesting molecules present in nature. Due to their toxicity, they determine relations among organisms. They are also responsible for severe seafood poisoning events affecting marine birds, marine mammals and humans, among other. The selection of appropriate methods to detect and quantify these neurotoxins is crucial to reach major scientific and technical challenges such as understanding their mechanism of action. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the available methodological strategies to assess neurotoxins in the marine environment. It addresses animal bioassays, cell-based assays (CBAs), receptor-binding assays (RBAs), immunoassays, enzyme-based assays, aptamer-based assays, different types of biosensors, and instrumental analysis techniques. Their advantages and limitations are under focus, and selected examples are provided to illustrate the evolution of each marine neurotoxin detection method, and how these have contributed to the advancement of science in this field.
Mònica Campàs; Mounira Alkassar; Greta Gaiani; Sandra Leonardo; Maria Rambla-Alegre; Jorge Diogène. The wide spectrum of methods available to study marine neurotoxins. Advances in Neurotoxicology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMònica Campàs, Mounira Alkassar, Greta Gaiani, Sandra Leonardo, Maria Rambla-Alegre, Jorge Diogène. The wide spectrum of methods available to study marine neurotoxins. Advances in Neurotoxicology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMònica Campàs; Mounira Alkassar; Greta Gaiani; Sandra Leonardo; Maria Rambla-Alegre; Jorge Diogène. 2021. "The wide spectrum of methods available to study marine neurotoxins." Advances in Neurotoxicology , no. : 1.
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are produced by dinoflagellates usually present in tropical and subtropical waters. These toxins are bioaccumulated and transformed in fish causing ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans. Few trials have been performed to understand how CTXs are incorporated into fish. This study developed an experimental model of goldfish (Carassius auratus) fed flesh contaminated with Caribbean ciguatoxin (C-CTX1). Fourteen goldfish were fed 0.014 ng CTX1B (Eq. g−1 of body weight) daily, and control goldfish received non-toxic flesh. CTX presence was determined by a cell-based assay on days 1, 8, 15, 29, 36, 43, and 84. Toxicity was detected in muscle from the second sampling and then seemed to stabilize at ~0.03 ng CTX1B Eq. g−1. After two weeks, all experimental goldfish developed lethargy and loss of brightness, but only two of them displayed erratic swimming and jerking movements near the sixth sampling. One of these fish had its toxic diet replaced by commercial food for 60 more days; the fish showed recovery signs within the first weeks and no CTX activity was detected. These results indicate that C-CTX1 could accumulate in goldfish muscle tissue and produce toxic symptoms, but also remarked on the detoxification and recovery capacity of this species.
Andres Sanchez-Henao; Natalia García-Álvarez; Daniel Padilla; María Ramos-Sosa; Freddy Silva Sergent; Antonio Fernández; Pablo Estévez; Ana Gago-Martínez; Jorge Diogène; Fernando Real. Accumulation of C-CTX1 in Muscle Tissue of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) by Dietary Experience. Animals 2021, 11, 242 .
AMA StyleAndres Sanchez-Henao, Natalia García-Álvarez, Daniel Padilla, María Ramos-Sosa, Freddy Silva Sergent, Antonio Fernández, Pablo Estévez, Ana Gago-Martínez, Jorge Diogène, Fernando Real. Accumulation of C-CTX1 in Muscle Tissue of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) by Dietary Experience. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):242.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndres Sanchez-Henao; Natalia García-Álvarez; Daniel Padilla; María Ramos-Sosa; Freddy Silva Sergent; Antonio Fernández; Pablo Estévez; Ana Gago-Martínez; Jorge Diogène; Fernando Real. 2021. "Accumulation of C-CTX1 in Muscle Tissue of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) by Dietary Experience." Animals 11, no. 1: 242.
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is a human food-borne poisoning that has been known since ancient times to be found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, which occurs when fish or very rarely invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) are consumed. The genus of marine benthic dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus produces CTX precursors. The presence of Gambierdiscus species in a region is one indicator of CP risk. The Canary Islands (North Eastern Atlantic Ocean) is an area where CP cases have been reported since 2004. In the present study, samplings for Gambierdiscus cells were conducted in this area during 2016 and 2017. Gambierdiscus cells were isolated and identified as G. australes, G. excentricus, G. caribaeus, and G. belizeanus by molecular analysis. In this study, G. belizeanus is reported for the first time in the Canary Islands. Gambierdiscus isolates were cultured, and the CTX-like toxicity of forty-one strains was evaluated with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). G. excentricus exhibited the highest CTX-like toxicity (9.5–2566.7 fg CTX1B equiv. cell−1) followed by G. australes (1.7–452.6.2 fg CTX1B equiv. cell−1). By contrast, the toxicity of G. belizeanus was low (5.6 fg CTX1B equiv. cell−1), and G. caribaeus did not exhibit CTX-like toxicity. In addition, for the G. belizeanus strain, the production of CTXs was evaluated with a colorimetric immunoassay and an electrochemical immunosensor resulting in G. belizeanus producing two types of CTX congeners (CTX1B and CTX3C series congeners) and can contribute to CP in the Canary Islands.
Àngels Tudó; Greta Gaiani; Maria Rey Varela; Takeshi Tsumuraya; Karl B. Andree; Margarita Fernández-Tejedor; Mònica Campàs; Jorge Diogène. Further advance of Gambierdiscus Species in the Canary Islands, with the First Report of Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins 2020, 12, 692 .
AMA StyleÀngels Tudó, Greta Gaiani, Maria Rey Varela, Takeshi Tsumuraya, Karl B. Andree, Margarita Fernández-Tejedor, Mònica Campàs, Jorge Diogène. Further advance of Gambierdiscus Species in the Canary Islands, with the First Report of Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins. 2020; 12 (11):692.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÀngels Tudó; Greta Gaiani; Maria Rey Varela; Takeshi Tsumuraya; Karl B. Andree; Margarita Fernández-Tejedor; Mònica Campàs; Jorge Diogène. 2020. "Further advance of Gambierdiscus Species in the Canary Islands, with the First Report of Gambierdiscus belizeanus." Toxins 12, no. 11: 692.
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are genera of toxic dinoflagellates which were mainly considered as endemic to marine intertropical areas, and that are well known as producers of ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxins (MTXs). Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a human poisoning occurring after the consumption of fish or more rarely, shellfish containing CTXs. The presence of these microalgae in a coastal area is an indication of potential risk of CP. This study assesses the risk of CP in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean Sea) according to the distribution of both microalgae genera, and the presence of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity in microalgal cultures as determined by neuro-2a cell based-assay (neuro-2a CBA). Genetic identification of forty-three cultured microalgal strains isolated from 2016 to 2019 revealed that all of them belong to the species G. australes and F. paulensis. Both species were widely distributed in Formentera, Majorca and Minorca. Additionally, all strains of G. australes and two of F. paulensis exhibited signals of CTX-like toxicity ranging respectively between 1 and 380 and 8–16 fg CTX1B equivalents (equiv.) • cell−1. Four extracts of F. paulensis exhibited a novel toxicity response in neuro-2a cells consisting of the recovery of the cell viability in the presence of ouabain and veratridine. In addition, G. australes showed MTX-like toxicity while F. paulensis strains did not. Overall, the low CTX-like toxicities detected indicate that the potential risk of CP in the Balearic Islands is low, although, the presence of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity in those strains reveal the necessity to monitor these genera in the Mediterranean Sea.
Àngels Tudó; Anna Toldrà; Maria Rey; Irene Todolí; Karl B. Andree; Margarita Fernández-Tejedor; Mònica Campàs; Francesc X. Sureda; Jorge Diogène. Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa as potential indicators of ciguatera risk in the Balearic Islands. Harmful Algae 2020, 99, 101913 .
AMA StyleÀngels Tudó, Anna Toldrà, Maria Rey, Irene Todolí, Karl B. Andree, Margarita Fernández-Tejedor, Mònica Campàs, Francesc X. Sureda, Jorge Diogène. Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa as potential indicators of ciguatera risk in the Balearic Islands. Harmful Algae. 2020; 99 ():101913.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÀngels Tudó; Anna Toldrà; Maria Rey; Irene Todolí; Karl B. Andree; Margarita Fernández-Tejedor; Mònica Campàs; Francesc X. Sureda; Jorge Diogène. 2020. "Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa as potential indicators of ciguatera risk in the Balearic Islands." Harmful Algae 99, no. : 101913.
The genus of benthic dinoflagellates Ostreopsis is of particular interest because some species negatively impact human health and coastal marine ecosystems. Ostreopsis populations from a remote area, such as the Galapagos Marine Reserve with its unique biodiversity, can provide significant data. Samples of epibionthic dinoflagellates were collected from two islands (Santa Cruz and Santa Fé) in 2017. Species of the genera Gambierdiscus, Amphidinium, Coolia and Ostreopsis were found. Ostreopsis strains were isolated to characterize their morphology, molecular biology and toxicity. Three different morphotypes of Ostreopsis based on dorsoventral and width diameters (n=369) were distinguished. The small cell morphotype was dominant in ten samples, with abundances of up to 33405 cells g-1 fresh weight of macroalgae. A total of 16 strains were isolated from field samples with subsequent polymerase chain reaction amplifications of rDNA, 5.8S rDNA and internal transcribed space regions; 13 strains (small cell morphotype) clustered in the O. cf. ovata Atlantic/Indian/Pacific clade; and 3 strains (large cell morphotype) clustered in the Ostreopsis lenticularis genotype from the type locality. The strains proved to be non-toxic. The presence of these genera/species represents a potential threat to marine ecosystems, and it is thus important to consider benthic species in the surveillance of harmful algae blooms in the reserve.
Olga Carnicer; Yuri B. Okolodkov; María Garcia-Altares; Inti Keith; Karl B. Andree; Jorge Diogène; Margarita Fernández-Tejedor. Ostreopsis cf. ovata and Ostreopsis lenticularis (Dinophyceae: Gonyaulacales) in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Scientia Marina 2020, 84, 199 .
AMA StyleOlga Carnicer, Yuri B. Okolodkov, María Garcia-Altares, Inti Keith, Karl B. Andree, Jorge Diogène, Margarita Fernández-Tejedor. Ostreopsis cf. ovata and Ostreopsis lenticularis (Dinophyceae: Gonyaulacales) in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Scientia Marina. 2020; 84 (3):199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlga Carnicer; Yuri B. Okolodkov; María Garcia-Altares; Inti Keith; Karl B. Andree; Jorge Diogène; Margarita Fernández-Tejedor. 2020. "Ostreopsis cf. ovata and Ostreopsis lenticularis (Dinophyceae: Gonyaulacales) in the Galapagos Marine Reserve." Scientia Marina 84, no. 3: 199.
Involving and engaging stakeholders is crucial for studying and managing the complex interactions between marine ecosystems and human health and wellbeing. The Oceans and Human Health Chair was founded in the town of Roses (Catalonia, Spain, NW Mediterranean) in 2018, the fruit of a regional partnership between various stakeholders, and for the purpose of leading the way to better health and wellbeing through ocean research and conservation. The Chair is located in an area of the Mediterranean with a notable fishing, tourist, and seafaring tradition and is close to a marine reserve, providing the opportunity to observe diverse environmental conditions and coastal and maritime activities. The Chair is a case study demonstrating that local, collaborative, transdisciplinary, trans-sector, and bottom-up approaches offer tremendous opportunities for engaging coastal communities to help support long-lasting solutions that benefit everyone, and especially those living by the sea or making their living from the goods and services provided by the sea. Furthermore, the Chair has successfully integrated most of its experts in oceans and human health from the most prestigious institutions in Catalonia. The Chair focuses on three main topics identified by local stakeholders: Fish and Health; Leisure, Health, and Wellbeing; and Medicines from the Sea. Led by stakeholder engagement, the Chair can serve as a novel approach within the oceans and human health field of study to tackle a variety of environmental and public health challenges related to both communicable and non-communicable diseases, within the context of sociocultural issues. Drawing on the example provided by the Chair, four principles are established to encourage improved participatory processes in the oceans and human health field: bottom-up, “think local”, transdisciplinary and trans-sectorial, and “balance the many voices”.
Josep Lloret; Rafael Abós-Herràndiz; Sílvia Alemany; Rosario Allué; Joan Bartra; Maria Basagaña; Elisa Berdalet; Mònica Campàs; Arnau Carreño; Montserrat Demestre; Jorge Diogène; Eva Fontdecaba; Mireia Gascon; Sílvia Gómez; Angel Izquierdo; Lluïsa Mas; Montse Marquès; Juan Pedro-Botet; Maria Pery; Francesc Peters; Xavier Pintó; Marta Planas; Ana Sabatés; Joan San; Anna Sanchez-Vidal; Martí Trepat; Cristina Vendrell; Lora E. Fleming. The Roses Ocean and Human Health Chair: A New Way to Engage the Public in Oceans and Human Health Challenges. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5078 .
AMA StyleJosep Lloret, Rafael Abós-Herràndiz, Sílvia Alemany, Rosario Allué, Joan Bartra, Maria Basagaña, Elisa Berdalet, Mònica Campàs, Arnau Carreño, Montserrat Demestre, Jorge Diogène, Eva Fontdecaba, Mireia Gascon, Sílvia Gómez, Angel Izquierdo, Lluïsa Mas, Montse Marquès, Juan Pedro-Botet, Maria Pery, Francesc Peters, Xavier Pintó, Marta Planas, Ana Sabatés, Joan San, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, Martí Trepat, Cristina Vendrell, Lora E. Fleming. The Roses Ocean and Human Health Chair: A New Way to Engage the Public in Oceans and Human Health Challenges. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (14):5078.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosep Lloret; Rafael Abós-Herràndiz; Sílvia Alemany; Rosario Allué; Joan Bartra; Maria Basagaña; Elisa Berdalet; Mònica Campàs; Arnau Carreño; Montserrat Demestre; Jorge Diogène; Eva Fontdecaba; Mireia Gascon; Sílvia Gómez; Angel Izquierdo; Lluïsa Mas; Montse Marquès; Juan Pedro-Botet; Maria Pery; Francesc Peters; Xavier Pintó; Marta Planas; Ana Sabatés; Joan San; Anna Sanchez-Vidal; Martí Trepat; Cristina Vendrell; Lora E. Fleming. 2020. "The Roses Ocean and Human Health Chair: A New Way to Engage the Public in Oceans and Human Health Challenges." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5078.
From January 2011 to March 2018, 26 patients aged from 20 to 80 years old reported being sick in France after eating sea figs of the genus Microcosmus. The patients had symptoms evoking a cerebellar syndrome: blurred or double vision, ataxia and dizziness, asthenia, headache, muscle cramps, paresthesia and digestive disorders (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea). Three of the 18 food poisoning events recorded by the Poison Control Center in Marseille and involving four patients were further investigated as the meal leftovers were collected and analyzed. A previous study ruled out the presence of the regulated lipophilic marine toxins after high-resolution mass spectrometry, but further analyses were required to look for hydrophilic cyanotoxins. The sea fig leftovers from food poisoning case Numbers 1 (January 2011), 6 (December 2012) and 17 (March 2018) of this published case series were analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry to investigate the presence of hydrophilic cyanotoxins. The sea fig samples showed anatoxin-a (ATX-a) concentrations ranging from 193.7 to 1240.2 µg/kg. The sea fig control sample analyzed was also contaminated with ATX-a but in a much smaller concentration (22.5 µg/kg). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of human food poisoning involving ATX-a as the possible causative toxin where the cyanotoxin could be unequivocally identified.
Ronel Biré; Thomas Bertin; Inès Dom; Vincent Hort; Corinne Schmitt; Jorge Diogène; Rodolphe Lemée; Luc De Haro; Marina Nicolas. First Evidence of the Presence of Anatoxin-A in Sea Figs Associated with Human Food Poisonings in France. Marine Drugs 2020, 18, 285 .
AMA StyleRonel Biré, Thomas Bertin, Inès Dom, Vincent Hort, Corinne Schmitt, Jorge Diogène, Rodolphe Lemée, Luc De Haro, Marina Nicolas. First Evidence of the Presence of Anatoxin-A in Sea Figs Associated with Human Food Poisonings in France. Marine Drugs. 2020; 18 (6):285.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRonel Biré; Thomas Bertin; Inès Dom; Vincent Hort; Corinne Schmitt; Jorge Diogène; Rodolphe Lemée; Luc De Haro; Marina Nicolas. 2020. "First Evidence of the Presence of Anatoxin-A in Sea Figs Associated with Human Food Poisonings in France." Marine Drugs 18, no. 6: 285.
Over the last decade, knowledge has significantly increased on the taxonomic identity and distribution of dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Additionally, a number of hitherto unknown bioactive metabolites have been described, while the role of these compounds in ciguatera poisoning (CP) remains to be clarified. Ciguatoxins and maitotoxins are very toxic compounds produced by these dinoflagellates and have been described since the 1980s. Ciguatoxins are generally described as the main contributors to this food intoxication. Recent reports of CP in temperate waters of the Canary Islands (Spain) and the Madeira archipelago (Portugal) triggered the need for isolation and cultivation of dinoflagellates from these areas, and their taxonomic and toxicological characterization. Maitotoxins, and specifically maitotoxin-4, has been described as one of the most toxic compounds produced by these dinoflagellates (e.g., G. excentricus) in the Canary Islands. Thus, characterization of toxin profiles of Gambierdiscus species from adjacent regions appears critical. The combination of liquid chromatography coupled to either low- or high-resolution mass spectrometry allowed for characterization of several strains of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa from the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands. Maitotoxin-3, two analogues tentatively identified as gambieric acid C and D, a putative gambierone analogue and a putative gambieroxide were detected in all G. australes strains from Menorca and Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) while only maitotoxin-3 was present in an F. paulensis strain of the same region. An unidentified Gambierdiscus species (Gambierdiscus sp.2) from Crete (Greece) showed a different toxin profile, detecting both maitotoxin-3 and gambierone, while the availability of a G. excentricus strain from the Canary Islands (Spain) confirmed the presence of maitotoxin-4 in this species. Overall, this study shows that toxin profiles not only appear to be species-specific but probably also specific to larger geographic regions.
Pablo Estevez; Manoëlla Sibat; José Manuel Leão-Martins; Angels Tudó; Maria Rambla-Alegre; Katerina Aligizaki; Jorge Diogène; Ana Gago-Martinez; Philipp Hess. Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic). Toxins 2020, 12, 305 .
AMA StylePablo Estevez, Manoëlla Sibat, José Manuel Leão-Martins, Angels Tudó, Maria Rambla-Alegre, Katerina Aligizaki, Jorge Diogène, Ana Gago-Martinez, Philipp Hess. Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic). Toxins. 2020; 12 (5):305.
Chicago/Turabian StylePablo Estevez; Manoëlla Sibat; José Manuel Leão-Martins; Angels Tudó; Maria Rambla-Alegre; Katerina Aligizaki; Jorge Diogène; Ana Gago-Martinez; Philipp Hess. 2020. "Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic)." Toxins 12, no. 5: 305.
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) episodes cause important economic impacts due to closure of shellfish production areas in order to protect human health. These closures, if are frequent and persistent, can seriously affect shellfish producers and the seafood industry, among others. In this study, we have developed an alternative processing method for bivalves with PSP content above the legal limit, which allows reducing toxicity to acceptable levels. A modification of the PSP detoxifying procedure stablished by Decision 96/77/EC of the European Union in Acanthocardia tuberculata, was developed and implemented for PSP elimination in other bivalves species. The procedure was applied to 6 batches of mussels, 2 batches of clams and 2 batches of scallops, achieving detoxification rates of around 85%. A viable industrial protocol which allows the transformation of a product at risk into a safe product was developed. Although a significant reduction was obtained, in a sample circa 9000 μg STX diHCl equiv/kg, the final toxin level in these highly toxic mussels did not fall below the European limit. The processing protocol described may be applied efficiently to mussels, clams and scallops and it may be a major solution to counteract the closure of shellfish harvesting areas, especially if persistent.
Ana G. Cabado; Jorge Lago; Virginia González; Lucía Blanco; Beatriz Paz; Jorge Diogène; Laura Ferreres; Maria Rambla-Alegre. Detoxification of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in naturally contaminated mussels, clams and scallops by an industrial procedure. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 141, 111386 .
AMA StyleAna G. Cabado, Jorge Lago, Virginia González, Lucía Blanco, Beatriz Paz, Jorge Diogène, Laura Ferreres, Maria Rambla-Alegre. Detoxification of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in naturally contaminated mussels, clams and scallops by an industrial procedure. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 141 ():111386.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna G. Cabado; Jorge Lago; Virginia González; Lucía Blanco; Beatriz Paz; Jorge Diogène; Laura Ferreres; Maria Rambla-Alegre. 2020. "Detoxification of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in naturally contaminated mussels, clams and scallops by an industrial procedure." Food and Chemical Toxicology 141, no. : 111386.
In the last decade, several outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) have been reported in the Canary Islands (central northeast Atlantic Ocean), confirming ciguatera as an emerging alimentary risk in this region. Five Gambierdiscus species, G. australes, G. excentricus, G. silvae, G. carolinianus and G. caribaeus, have been detected in macrophytes from this area and are known to produce the ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause CFP. A characterization of the toxicity of these species is the first step in identifying locations in the Canary Islands at risk of CFP. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of 63 strains of these five Gambierdiscus species were analysed using the erythrocyte lysis assay to evaluate their maitotoxin (MTX) content. In addition, 20 of the strains were also analysed in a neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity assay to determine their CTX-like toxicity. The results allowed the different species to be grouped according to their ratios of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity. MTX-like toxicity was especially high in G. excentricus and G. australes but much lower in the other species and lowest in G. silvae. CTX-like toxicity was highest in G. excentricus, which produced the toxin in amounts ranging between 128.2 ± 25.68 and 510.6 ± 134.2 fg CTX1B equivalents (eq) cell−1 (mean ± SD). In the other species, CTX concentrations were as follows: G. carolinianus (100.84 ± 18.05 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. australes (31.1 ± 0.56 to 107.16 ± 21.88 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. silvae (12.19 ± 0.62 to 76.79 ± 4.97 fg CTX1B eq cell−1) and G. caribaeus (
Araceli E. Rossignoli; Angels Tudó; Isabel Bravo; Patricio A. Díaz; Jorge Diogène; Pilar Riobó. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins 2020, 12, 134 .
AMA StyleAraceli E. Rossignoli, Angels Tudó, Isabel Bravo, Patricio A. Díaz, Jorge Diogène, Pilar Riobó. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAraceli E. Rossignoli; Angels Tudó; Isabel Bravo; Patricio A. Díaz; Jorge Diogène; Pilar Riobó. 2020. "Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands." Toxins 12, no. 2: 134.
In Cuba, ciguatera poisoning associated with fish consumption is the most commonly occurring non-bacterial seafood-borne illness. Risk management through fish market regulation has existed in Cuba for decades and consists of bans on selected species above a certain weight; however, the actual occurrence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in seafood has never been verified. From this food safety risk management perspective, a study site locally known to be at risk for ciguatera was selected. Analysis of the epiphytic dinoflagellate community identified the microalga Gambierdiscus. Gambierdiscus species included six of the seven species known to be present in Cuba (G. caribaeus, G. belizeanus, G. carpenteri, G. carolinianus, G. silvae, and F. ruetzleri). CTX-like activity in invertebrates, herbivorous and carnivorous fishes were analyzed with a radioligand receptor-binding assay and, for selected samples, with the N2A cell cytotoxicity assay. CTX activity was found in 80% of the organisms sampled, with toxin values ranging from 2 to 8 ng CTX3C equivalents g−1 tissue. Data analysis further confirmed CTXs trophic magnification. This study constitutes the first finding of CTX-like activity in marine organisms in Cuba and in herbivorous fish in the Caribbean. Elucidating the structure–activity relationship and toxicology of CTX from the Caribbean is needed before conclusions may be drawn about risk exposure in Cuba and the wider Caribbean.
Lisbet Díaz-Asencio; Rachel J. Clausing; Mark Vandersea; Donaida Chamero-Lago; Miguel Gómez-Batista; Joan I. Hernández-Albernas; Nicolas Chomérat; Gabriel Rojas-Abrahantes; R. Wayne Litaker; Patricia Tester; Jorge Diogène; Carlos M. Alonso-Hernández; Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein. Ciguatoxin Occurrence in Food-Web Components of a Cuban Coral Reef Ecosystem: Risk-Assessment Implications. Toxins 2019, 11, 722 .
AMA StyleLisbet Díaz-Asencio, Rachel J. Clausing, Mark Vandersea, Donaida Chamero-Lago, Miguel Gómez-Batista, Joan I. Hernández-Albernas, Nicolas Chomérat, Gabriel Rojas-Abrahantes, R. Wayne Litaker, Patricia Tester, Jorge Diogène, Carlos M. Alonso-Hernández, Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein. Ciguatoxin Occurrence in Food-Web Components of a Cuban Coral Reef Ecosystem: Risk-Assessment Implications. Toxins. 2019; 11 (12):722.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLisbet Díaz-Asencio; Rachel J. Clausing; Mark Vandersea; Donaida Chamero-Lago; Miguel Gómez-Batista; Joan I. Hernández-Albernas; Nicolas Chomérat; Gabriel Rojas-Abrahantes; R. Wayne Litaker; Patricia Tester; Jorge Diogène; Carlos M. Alonso-Hernández; Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein. 2019. "Ciguatoxin Occurrence in Food-Web Components of a Cuban Coral Reef Ecosystem: Risk-Assessment Implications." Toxins 11, no. 12: 722.
Prevalence of marine biotoxins in seafood has been associated with increasing frequency, intensity, and duration of harmful algal blooms, and an increase of the geographical and temporal distribution of harmful algae [...].
Pedro Reis Costa; António Marques; Jorge Diogène. Marine Biotoxins and Seafood Poisoning. Toxins 2019, 11, 558 .
AMA StylePedro Reis Costa, António Marques, Jorge Diogène. Marine Biotoxins and Seafood Poisoning. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):558.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro Reis Costa; António Marques; Jorge Diogène. 2019. "Marine Biotoxins and Seafood Poisoning." Toxins 11, no. 10: 558.
Shellfish aquaculture has a major socioeconomic impact on coastal areas, thus it is necessary to develop support tools for its management. In this sense, phytoplankton monitoring is crucial, as it is the main source of food for shellfish farming. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of Sentinel 2 multispectral imagery (MSI) to monitor the phytoplankton biomass at Ebro Delta bays and to assess its potential as a tool for shellfish management. In situ chlorophyll-a data from Ebro Delta bays (NE Spain) were coupled with several band combination and band ratio spectral indices derived from Sentinel 2A levels 1C and 2A for time-series mapping. The best results (AIC = 72.17, APD < 10%, and MAE < 0.7 mg/m3) were obtained with a simple blue-to-green ratio applied over Rayleigh corrected images. Sentinel 2–derived maps provided coverage of the farm sites at both bays allowing relating the spatiotemporal distribution of phytoplankton with the environmental forcing under different states of the bays. The applied methodology will be further improved but the results show the potential of using Sentinel 2 MSI imagery as a tool for assessing phytoplankton spatiotemporal dynamics and to encourage better future practices in the management of the aquaculture in Ebro Delta bays.
Jesús Soriano-González; Eduard Angelats; Margarita Fernández-Tejedor; Jorge Diogene; Carles Alcaraz. First Results of Phytoplankton Spatial Dynamics in Two NW-Mediterranean Bays from Chlorophyll-a Estimates Using Sentinel 2: Potential Implications for Aquaculture. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 1756 .
AMA StyleJesús Soriano-González, Eduard Angelats, Margarita Fernández-Tejedor, Jorge Diogene, Carles Alcaraz. First Results of Phytoplankton Spatial Dynamics in Two NW-Mediterranean Bays from Chlorophyll-a Estimates Using Sentinel 2: Potential Implications for Aquaculture. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (15):1756.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesús Soriano-González; Eduard Angelats; Margarita Fernández-Tejedor; Jorge Diogene; Carles Alcaraz. 2019. "First Results of Phytoplankton Spatial Dynamics in Two NW-Mediterranean Bays from Chlorophyll-a Estimates Using Sentinel 2: Potential Implications for Aquaculture." Remote Sensing 11, no. 15: 1756.
This research identifies factors associated with the contamination by ciguatoxins (CTXs) in a population of fish and proposes a predictive score of the presence of CTX-like toxicity in amberjack samples from the official control program of ciguatera in the Canary Islands of the Directorate-General (DG) Fisheries (Canary Government). Out of the 970 samples of fish studied, 177 (18.2%) samples showed CTX-like toxicity. The fish were classified according to the species, amberjack (Seriola dumerili and S. rivoliana) (n = 793), dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) (n = 145) and wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) (n = 32). The data were separated by species category and statistically examined, resulting in 137 (17.3%) amberjack and 39 (26.9%) grouper samples showing CTX-like toxicity; regarding wahoo species, only 1 toxic sample (3.1%) was found. According to fishing location the contamination rates suggested grouping the islands in four clusters; namely: {El Hierro: HI; La Gomera: LG; La Palma: LP}, {Gran Canaria: GC; Tenerife: TF}, {Fuerteventura: FU} and {Lanzarote: LZ}. For the amberjack species, the multivariate logistic regression showed the factors that maintained independent association with the outcome, which were the warm season (OR = 3.617; 95% CI = 1.249-10.474), the weight (per kg, 1.102; 95% CI = 1.069-1.136) and the island of fish catching. A prediction score was obtained for the probability of contamination by CTX in amberjack fish samples. The area under de curve (AUC) obtained using the validation data was 0.747 (95% CI = 0.662-0.833). Regarding grouper species, the island of fishing was the only factor that showed significant differences associated with the presence of CTX-like toxicity. We provide herein data for a better management and prediction of ciguatera in the Canary Islands, suggesting a review of the minimum limits of fish weight established by the Canary Government for the control program.
J. Andres Sanchez-Henao; Natalia García-Álvarez; Antonio Fernandez; Pedro Saavedra; Freddy Silva Sergent; Daniel Padilla; Begoña Acosta-Hernández; Manuela Martel Suárez; Jorge Diogène; Fernando Real. Predictive score and probability of CTX-like toxicity in fish samples from the official control of ciguatera in the Canary Islands. The Science of The Total Environment 2019, 673, 576 -584.
AMA StyleJ. Andres Sanchez-Henao, Natalia García-Álvarez, Antonio Fernandez, Pedro Saavedra, Freddy Silva Sergent, Daniel Padilla, Begoña Acosta-Hernández, Manuela Martel Suárez, Jorge Diogène, Fernando Real. Predictive score and probability of CTX-like toxicity in fish samples from the official control of ciguatera in the Canary Islands. The Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 673 ():576-584.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Andres Sanchez-Henao; Natalia García-Álvarez; Antonio Fernandez; Pedro Saavedra; Freddy Silva Sergent; Daniel Padilla; Begoña Acosta-Hernández; Manuela Martel Suárez; Jorge Diogène; Fernando Real. 2019. "Predictive score and probability of CTX-like toxicity in fish samples from the official control of ciguatera in the Canary Islands." The Science of The Total Environment 673, no. : 576-584.
Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a benthic microalga distributed in tropical and temperate regions worldwide which produces palytoxins (PlTXs). Herein, an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of this toxic microalga is described. The detection strategy involves isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) of the target using tailed primers and a sandwich hybridisation assay on maleimide-coated magnetic beads immobilised on electrode arrays. The biosensor attained a limit of detection of 9 pg/μL of O. cf. ovata DNA (which corresponds to ~640 cells/L), with no interferences from two non-target Ostreopsis species (O. cf. siamensis and O. fattorussoi). The biosensor was applied to the analysis of planktonic and benthic environmental samples. Electrochemical O. cf. ovata DNA quantifications demonstrated an excellent correlation with other molecular methods (qPCR and colorimetric assays) and allowed the construction of a predictive regression model to estimate O. cf. ovata cell abundances. This new technology offer great potential to improve research, monitoring and management of O. cf. ovata and harmful algal blooms in general.
Anna Toldrà; Carles Alcaraz; Jorge Diogène; Ciara K. O'Sullivan; Mònica Campàs. Detection of Ostreopsis cf. ovata in environmental samples using an electrochemical DNA-based biosensor. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 689, 655 -661.
AMA StyleAnna Toldrà, Carles Alcaraz, Jorge Diogène, Ciara K. O'Sullivan, Mònica Campàs. Detection of Ostreopsis cf. ovata in environmental samples using an electrochemical DNA-based biosensor. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 689 ():655-661.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Toldrà; Carles Alcaraz; Jorge Diogène; Ciara K. O'Sullivan; Mònica Campàs. 2019. "Detection of Ostreopsis cf. ovata in environmental samples using an electrochemical DNA-based biosensor." Science of The Total Environment 689, no. : 655-661.
It is likely that harmful algal blooms have increased in frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution in the last decades in response to anthropogenic activities. The Galápagos Islands are renowned for their exceptional biological diversity; however, marine dinoflagellate communities have not been represented in biodiversity assessments. Therefore, this study aims to provide key information about dinoflagellate diversity and abundances, with special attention to harmful species, during a weak La Niña event in the Galápagos Marine Reserve (GMR). The study was performed during March–April 2017 and four transects were conducted at four Islands (Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Seymour, and Pinzón) representing the southern region of the GMR. Water net samples were collected at 2, 5, and 10 nautical miles (nm) from the coast, at a total of 48 sampling sites. The presence of toxic species, and their cell abundance was estimated in seven transects at 0, 15, and 30 m of depth. A total of 152 taxa belonging to 7 orders, 22 families, and 38 genera were registered. The number of taxa found is almost three times higher than the maximum observed in previous studies. Dinoflagellate species richness among stations ranged between 53 and 23 taxa and was higher in northern sites. From the applied cluster analysis, five dinoflagellate assemblages were identified as a discrete community structure, one was found only in Santa Fé Island, which is probably related to the presence of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). Regarding cell abundance estimations, low abundances were registered throughout the sampling sites and no blooms were detected. Higher abundances were registered in the northern transects coinciding with one of the most productive areas of the archipelago, situated north of Santa Cruz. Among the identified taxa, 19 of them were potentially toxic, including epiphytic species, allowing the possibility of blooms in benthic areas. This study presents the first record of several dinoflagellate species in the area (both non-toxic and harmful species) and thus, emphasizing the need for the implementation of phytoplankton monitoring programs by the government to prevent potential ecological, sanitary and economic impacts in the GMR.
Olga Carnicer; Patricia De La Fuente; Antonio Canepa; Inti Keith; Eduardo Rebolledo-Monsalve; Jorge Diogène; Margarita Fernández-Tejedor. Marine Dinoflagellate Assemblage in the Galápagos Marine Reserve. Frontiers in Marine Science 2019, 6, 1 .
AMA StyleOlga Carnicer, Patricia De La Fuente, Antonio Canepa, Inti Keith, Eduardo Rebolledo-Monsalve, Jorge Diogène, Margarita Fernández-Tejedor. Marine Dinoflagellate Assemblage in the Galápagos Marine Reserve. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2019; 6 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlga Carnicer; Patricia De La Fuente; Antonio Canepa; Inti Keith; Eduardo Rebolledo-Monsalve; Jorge Diogène; Margarita Fernández-Tejedor. 2019. "Marine Dinoflagellate Assemblage in the Galápagos Marine Reserve." Frontiers in Marine Science 6, no. : 1.
This study aimed to assess the bioaccessibility of different marine biotoxins in naturally contaminated shellfish and fish gonads using an in vitro digestion methodology. In general, hydrophilic toxins (domoic acid, paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins and tetrodotoxins) showed higher bioaccessibility than lipophilic ones (okadaic acid and azaspiracids). The bioaccessibility of toxins from the okadaic acid group ranged from 69% (raw European razor clams) to 74% (raw donax clams). Regarding azaspiracids, 47% of the initial content was bioaccessible in steamed blue mussel. As for hydrophilic toxins, 100% of the initial content was bioaccessible after digestion in raw shellfish and puffer fish gonads. The total tetrodotoxin bioaccessibility in puffer fish gonads decreased significantly after steaming. The profile of tetrodotoxins changed during the digestion process: TTX and 11-norTTX-6S-ol analogues decreased significantly after digestion, but the 5,6,11-trideoxy TTX analogue increased in both raw and steamed puffer fish gonads. These preliminary findings confirm the need to consider bioaccessibility data in future seafood risk assessment, as such information enables a more accurate and realistic estimation of potential seafood hazards, particularly in what concerns lipophilic toxins, therefore, constituting a crucial tool in the refinement of regulatory limits for the presence of biotoxins in seafood.
Ricardo N. Alves; Maria Rambla-Alegre; Ana Catarina Braga; Ana L. Maulvault; Vera Barbosa; Mònica Campàs; Laia Reverté; Cintia Flores; Josep Caixach; Jane Kilcoyne; Pedro Reis Costa; Jorge Diogène; António Marques. Bioaccessibility of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins in seafood: An in vitro digestion approach. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2019, 129, 153 -161.
AMA StyleRicardo N. Alves, Maria Rambla-Alegre, Ana Catarina Braga, Ana L. Maulvault, Vera Barbosa, Mònica Campàs, Laia Reverté, Cintia Flores, Josep Caixach, Jane Kilcoyne, Pedro Reis Costa, Jorge Diogène, António Marques. Bioaccessibility of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins in seafood: An in vitro digestion approach. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2019; 129 ():153-161.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRicardo N. Alves; Maria Rambla-Alegre; Ana Catarina Braga; Ana L. Maulvault; Vera Barbosa; Mònica Campàs; Laia Reverté; Cintia Flores; Josep Caixach; Jane Kilcoyne; Pedro Reis Costa; Jorge Diogène; António Marques. 2019. "Bioaccessibility of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins in seafood: An in vitro digestion approach." Food and Chemical Toxicology 129, no. : 153-161.
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning is a worldwide concern caused by the consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins not only in endemic regions in the Pacific Ocean or the Caribbean Sea but also in emerging areas of Macaronesia on the eastern Atlantic. The recent emergence of these toxins in other coastal areas worldwide, prompted the need for the characterization of the risk in these areas. This Ciguatera Fish Poisoning risk has been recently identified as a potential threat in subtropical areas of the Atlantic coast and scientific efforts are being focused in the identification and confirmation of the toxins involved in this potential risk. Neuroblastoma cell assay has been widely used for the evaluation of the toxicity in several marine biotoxin groups, and found to be a very useful tool for toxicity screening. LC-MS/MS has been also used for confirmatory purposes although the main limitation of the advances on LC-MS/MS development is due to commercial unavailability of reference materials and hampers method implementation and validation or even confirmation of the ciguatoxins (CTXs) responsible for the toxic profiles. While neuroblastoma cell assay (N2a) is typically used for toxicity screening as mentioned above, being necessary to confirm this N2a toxicity by LC-MS/MS, this study is designed using N2a as a tool to confirm the toxicity of the fractions obtained corresponding to potential CTXs analogues according to the analysis by LC-MS/MS. With this aim, an amberjack sample (Seriola fasciata) from Selvagen Islads (Portugal) and implicated in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning was analyzed by LC-MS/MS and Caribbean Ciguatoxins were found to be mainly responsible for the toxicity. N2a was used in this work as a tool to help in the confirmation of the toxicity of fractions obtained by HPLC. Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 was found as the main analogue responsible for the N2a toxicity while three Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX1) metabolites which contribute to the total toxicity were also identified.
Pablo Estevez; David Castro; Ana Pequeño-Valtierra; José M. Leao; Oscar Vilariño; Jorge Diogène; Ana Gago-Martínez. An Attempt to Characterize the Ciguatoxin Profile in Seriola fasciata Causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Macaronesia. Toxins 2019, 11, 221 .
AMA StylePablo Estevez, David Castro, Ana Pequeño-Valtierra, José M. Leao, Oscar Vilariño, Jorge Diogène, Ana Gago-Martínez. An Attempt to Characterize the Ciguatoxin Profile in Seriola fasciata Causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Macaronesia. Toxins. 2019; 11 (4):221.
Chicago/Turabian StylePablo Estevez; David Castro; Ana Pequeño-Valtierra; José M. Leao; Oscar Vilariño; Jorge Diogène; Ana Gago-Martínez. 2019. "An Attempt to Characterize the Ciguatoxin Profile in Seriola fasciata Causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Macaronesia." Toxins 11, no. 4: 221.