Superhydrophobic magnetic nanomaterials (SHMNMs) are emerging as multifunctional platforms for efficient oil–water separation due to their combination of extreme water repellency, strong oil affinity, and external magnetic responsiveness. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in the design, synthesis, and environmental application of SHMNMs. The theoretical foundations of superhydrophobicity and the physicochemical behavior of magnetic nanoparticles are first outlined, followed by discussion of their synergistic integration. Key fabrication techniques—such as sol–gel synthesis, electrospinning, dip-coating, laser-assisted processing, and the use of biomass-derived precursors—are critically assessed in terms of their ability to tailor surface morphology, chemical functionality, and long-term durability. The review further explores the mechanisms of oil adsorption, magnetic separation, and material reusability under realistic environmental conditions. Special attention is paid to the scalability, mechanical resilience, and environmental compatibility of SHMNMs in the context of water treatment technologies. Current limitations, including reduced efficiency in harsh media, potential environmental risks, and challenges in material regeneration, are discussed. This work provides a structured overview that could support the rational development of next-generation superhydrophobic materials tailored for sustainable and high-performance separation of oil and organic pollutants from water.

In recent years, water pollution caused by industrial waste has been a major problem throughout the world. To remove harmful impurities from water, using methylene blue (MB) as a model compound, modified clays were used, as they are capable of adsorbing various substances on their surfaces. The modified clays were obtained by grafting dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and triethanolamine (TEOA) in the space between the layers of Shymkent clay. DMSO was first added to the natural clay; TEOA was also added at a temperature of 180°C and then held at that temperature for 2 h. The resulting modified clays were dried at 60°C for 24 h and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis (SAA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA and TGA). Natural and modified clays (0.25–2.5 g L^–1, pH=1–12, and 50°C) were used to adsorb MB from an aqueous solution at a concentration of 50 mg L^–1. Contact with the adsorbent was maintained for 8 h. As much as 95.9% of the MB was removed from the aqueous solution in as little time as 15 min. Adsorption conditions were optimized, and the clay modified with TEAO showed better results than the natural clay (85% for modified clay vs 40% for original clay, at a clay concentration of 0.5 g L^–1); significant adsorption was obtained over a wide pH range (>85% from pH 1 to 12).

The article deals with the poetic creativity of the Kazakh people - zhyrau XV-XVIII centuries from the point of view of the inclusion in it of stable lexical combinations associated with the toponymic system of the ancient period. The richest works of the Kazakhs and other Turkic peoples that have saved to this day are the source of a comprehensive study and new philological searches built on the basis of the artistic and definitive system of epic works. The toponyms identified for analysis as a result of a continuous sample make it possible to judge the semantic diversity of stable lexical combinations, which testify to the uniqueness of the epic works of the Turkic peoples, as well as the special ability of the authors of zhyrau to convey hidden meanings and images, taking into account the intonation-sound nature of the worldview of the Turkic peoples, based on which lies the audioral and visual perception of the world. According to preliminary results, the authors selected about 40 lexical units in conjunction with the contexts of the statement, which are more stable combinations. A table has also been compiled in which the main key term is given, the frequency of its use, indicating the source of the fixation of the term, and poetic means, their types and functions in a specific contextual use of toponyms are selected. The article also proves the hypothesis of the project participants that the study of toponyms in zhyrau should be carried out taking into account their functional features and the rhythm of the text, since with the same size of the verse in the text there is a “stringing” of lexical units, through which the meaning of the whole work is revealed and the semantics is transformed depending on the degree of energy intensity. В статье рассматривается поэтическое творчество казахского народа – жырау XV-XVIII веков с точки зрения включенности в него устойчивых лексических сочетаний, связанных с топонимической системой древнего периода. Сохранившееся до настоящего времени богатейшее творчество казахов и других тюркских народов является источником комплексного исследования и новых филологических поисков, построенных на основе художественно-определительной системы эпических произведений. Выявленные для анализа в результате сплошной выборки топонимы позволяют судить о семантическом разнообразии устойчивых лексических сочетаний, которые свидетельствуют об уникальности эпических произведений тюркских народов, а также об особом умении авторов, жырау, передавать скрытые смыслы и образы с учетом интонационно-звукового характера мировосприятия тюркских народов, в основе которого лежит аудио-оральное и визуальное восприятие мира. По предварительным результатам авторами отобрано около 40 лексических единиц в совокупности с контекстами высказывания, представляющими собой более устойчивые сочетания. Также составлена таблица, в которой дан основной ключевой термин, частотность его употребления с указанием источника фиксации термина, а также отобраны поэтические средства, их виды и функции в конкретном контекстуальном употреблении топонимов. В статье также доказывается гипотеза участников проекта относительного того, что исследование топонимов в устной поэзии жырау необходимо проводить с учетом их функциональных особенностей и ритмики текста, поскольку при одинаковом размере стиха в тексте наблюдается «нанизывание» лексических единиц, через которое происходит раскрытие смысла всего произведения и трансформации семантики в зависимости от степени интенсивности энергетики. Мақалада XV-XVIII ғасырлардағы қазақ халқы – жыраулардың ақындық шығармашылығы, оның көне дәуірдегі топонимикалық жүйемен байланысты, тұрақты лексикалық тіркестердің енуі тұрғысынан қарастырылады. Қазақтардың және басқа түркі халықтарының бүгінгі күнге дейін жеткен ең бай шығармалары құрылған жан-жақты зерттеулер мен жаңа филологиялық ізденістердің қайнар көзі болып табылады. Олар эпикалық шығармалардың көркемдік-анықтамалық жүйесі негізінде қарастырылған. Тұтас іріктеме нәтижесінде талдау үшін...