This study investigates the development of a sustainable flame-retardant treatment for cotton fabrics using a hybrid coating composed of chitosan, phytic acid, APTES, and eggshell powder at concentrations of 2% and 4%, applied in one and two cycles. FTIR confirmed the deposition of the organic–inorganic layer through the appearance of characteristic bands. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/dTGA) revealed enhanced thermal stability for all treated samples, with increased char yield and a shift in the main cellulose degradation peak. Vertical flammability tests demonstrated that all coated fabrics achieved self-extinguishing behavior within 12 s, meeting NFPA 701 criteria. The 2% eggshell formulation with two applications (S2%-II) exhibited the best balance between flame retardancy and mechanical performance. Tensile tests indicated improved fiber cohesion for treated samples, while SEM micrographs confirmed uniform coating deposition and particle integration. Colorimetric analysis showed that the treatment did not cause a significant change in the natural color of the cotton. Although washing resistance remains a limitation due to the natural origin of the components, the samples remained stable over time without microbial growth or staining, suggesting potential for upholstery and covering fabrics not subjected to domestic washing. The results highlight the feasibility of using agro-industrial waste to create eco-friendly flame-retardant finishes for cotton textiles.

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Water, essential for maintaining life, is widely used in industrial processes, generating high volumes of industrial liquid effluents. These, if not treated properly end up contaminating water bodies and causing serious damage to the environment. Among the technologies applied to industrial effluent treatment, physical-chemical treatments are usually accompanied by auxiliary products. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the influence of anionic polyacrylamide addition as a coagulation aid of industrial effluent clarification from the bleaching process of cotton hydrophilic. Based on preliminary assays, a Central Rotational Composite Design (DCCR) was developed for the coagulant/flocculant combination, evaluating pH, turbidity, and color. The results obtained showed that anionic polymer improved the treatment performance, forming larger, heavier, and more stable flakes, which resulted in better removal of turbidity (29.7%) and color (33.09%) when compared to the treatment without its addition (22% and 25%) respectively. They also speed up the decanting process, reducing the consumption of primary coagulant and contributing to the effluent parameters being following the discharge standards stipulated by legislation, proving its efficiency as a coagulation aid.