Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated neurodegenerative disorder marked by inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal loss within the central nervous system. Despite advances in diagnostics, current tools remain insufficiently sensitive and specific. Metabolomics has emerged as a promising approach to explore MS pathophysiology and discover novel biomarkers. This PRISMA-guided systematic review included 29 original studies using validated metabolomic techniques in adult patients with MS. Biological samples analyzed included serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and feces. Consistent metabolic alterations were identified across several pathways. The kynurenine pathway demonstrated a shift toward neurotoxic metabolites, alongside reductions in microbial-derived indoles, indicating inflammation and gut dysbiosis. Energy metabolism was impaired, with changes in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and mitochondrial function. Lipid metabolism showed widespread dysregulation involving phospholipids, sphingolipids, endocannabinoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, some modulated by treatments such as ocrelizumab and interferon-β. Nitrogen metabolism was also affected, including amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides. Non-classical and xenobiotic metabolites, such as myo-inositol, further reflected host–microbiome–environment interactions. Several studies demonstrated the potential of metabolomics-based machine learning to distinguish MS subtypes. These findings highlight the value of metabolomics for biomarker discovery and support its integration into personalized therapeutic strategies in MS.

Introduction: Cold water immersion (CWI), increasingly practiced through activities such as wild swimming, triathlon, and winter swimming, has gained attention for its potential health benefits. Recent scientific studies are beginning to substantiate traditional claims, indicating that regular cold exposure may yield positive physiological and psychological outcomes. These effects are mediated through both shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, involving muscle activity and brown adipose tissue, which contribute to thermal homeostasis and may underpin longer-term adaptive health benefits. Aim: The aim of this review paper is to evaluate the effects of cold showers on physical and mental health. Materials and methods: A review of literature available in databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science conducted, using keywords including "cold showers", "health benefits", "immune system" Summary: This review examines current research on the health effects of cold showers, focusing on immunity, cardiovascular health, mood, metabolism, and post-exercise recovery. Evidence suggests cold showers may enhance immune function, improve mood, increase metabolic rate, and support muscle recovery. However, cold exposure can pose risks for individuals with cardiovascular conditions, such as arrhythmias or hypertension. While the benefits are promising, further clinical studies are needed to confirm long-term effects and identify safe, effective protocols for different populations. Conclusions: Regular cold showers may offer health benefits such as improved immunity, enhanced mood, and metabolic support. They can acutely raise blood pressure but may contribute to long-term cardiovascular regulation. Psychological and analgesic effects are likely mediated by sympathetic activation and hormonal responses. Despite promising findings, more rigorous studies are needed to confirm efficacy and safety across diverse populations.

Introduction: Physical activity is vital for the holistic development of children, benefiting physical, cognitive, social, and emotional domains. Engaging in regular physical activities from an early age fosters a healthy body, emotional and social well-being, and cognitive development. Aim: This study explores the diverse benefits of physical activity on childhood development, focusing on physical health, cognitive functions, social skills, and emotional well-being. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing existing research on the impact of physical activity on various aspects of childhood development. Searches were performed across databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords like "childhood physical activity" and "childhood sport." Results: Physical activity promotes healthy growth, enhances cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health, and helps maintain a healthy weight, reducing obesity risks. It improves memory, attention, and executive functions, contributing to better academic performance. Socially, it fosters peer relationships, enhances social skills, and cultivates leadership qualities. Emotionally, it aids in emotional regulation, boosts self-esteem, and reduces anxiety and depression. Discussion: The findings highlight the multifaceted benefits of physical activity on children's development, corroborating existing literature. Despite robust evidence, limitations such as reliance on self-reported data and cross-sectional study designs constrain causal inferences. Future research should use objective measures and longitudinal approaches, considering interactions with diet, sleep, and lifestyle factors. Conclusion: Physical activity significantly benefits childhood development across physical, cognitive, social, and emotional domains. Addressing limitations in existing research will enhance the understanding and application of physical activity in promoting holistic child development.