Ovarian tumors constitute a complex and heterogeneous group of neoplasms, encompassing both benign and highly malignant lesions. Accurate diagnosis and classification of ovarian tumor types are crucial for the personalization of therapeutic strategies and have a significant impact on patient prognosis. This review presents the current state of knowledge regarding both classical and novel biomarkers, with particular emphasis on their diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic value. Traditional markers, such as CA-125 and human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), remain central to clinical diagnostics; however, their limitations highlight the need for more sensitive and specific approaches. Emerging biomarkers, including microRNAs (miRNA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and advanced panels integrating transcriptomic, proteomic, and genomic data, offer the potential for earlier detection, improved disease monitoring, and assessment of treatment response. Despite these advances, major challenges persist, particularly those associated with the heterogeneity of ovarian tumors, the high costs of testing, lack of standardization, and unequal access to diagnostic methods.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide and constitute a substantial economic burden. Despite population aging, recent years have witnessed an increasing prevalence of conditions such as heart failure (HF), including among young adults. In this context, coronary artery disease (CAD) has also become an increasingly discussed issue. It has long been recognized that control of risk factors is crucial for prevention. Researchers stress the need to monitor these factors from the earliest stages of life, and detailed analyses indicate an influence of the prenatal period on the development of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. Transgenerational and intergenerational epigenetic mechanisms are also taken into account. This review aims to systematically evaluate the existing literature and summarize the mechanisms that may link these factors. We consider epigenetic, metabolic, immunological, and inflammatory influences. We describe examples of environmental exposures, such as air pollution, maternal diet, toxins, and infections, and analyze data derived from clinical studies. We discuss gaps in the literature and identify limitations, outlining directions for future research and emphasizing the need for CVD prevention initiated at the earliest stages of life.

Medical embryology, as a discipline focused on the developmental processes of living organisms, constitutes the foundation of regenerative medicine through its close integration with genetics, engineering methodologies, and biotechnology, particularly in the field of stem cell cultivation. Investigating its fundamental pillars, such as epigenetics, biomaterials, and bioreactors, within an interdisciplinary framework, is essential for the advancement of modern precision medicine. A thorough understanding of cellular-level processes is undoubtedly the basis for major scientific breakthroughs. Detailed research on the influence of microenvironmental factors on the future function of stem cells, including artificial modulation of external signals that mimic in vivo conditions -such as chemical gradients or specific pathways like Notch and Hedgehog -has enabled effective regulation of cellular behavior. Combined with the potential of biotechnology, these advancements open new perspectives for disease treatment and organ regeneration. Taking this progress a step further, the ability to introduce stem cells into damaged tissues, thereby facilitating the formation of functional structures, has led to the growing interest in organoids -three-dimensional models that replicate key functions of real organs. Organoids are currently applied not only in drug screening but are also gaining increasing attention for their role in cancer therapy research. This technology holds the potential to revolutionize medicine, although significant challenges remain, particularly in standardizing cell culture conditions and achieving adequate vascularization of organoid structures. Many advanced regenerative technologies, such as gene editing and bioprinting, are additionally associated with high costs, logistical limitations, and uncertain outcome predictability. Efforts are underway to translate these therapies into clinical practice and to analyze treatment efficacy under real-world conditions, especially in cases where conventional medical approaches prove insufficient. Solving these challenges would mark a scientific breakthrough comparable to the promising results observed in personalized medicine approaches that significantly improve patients’ quality of life. Inspired by the potential of applying modern technologies within an interdisciplinary context, we undertake a comprehensive literature review exploring the integration of embryology and regenerative medicine. We also encourage reflection by addressing the ethical considerations associated with these developments, balancing moral responsibility with legal frameworks.

Heart failure (HF) and other cardiac pathologies represent leading causes of hospitalization and mortality worldwide, underscoring the urgent need for effective regenerative therapies. In recent years, considerable research has focused on developing cell-based therapeutic strategies, with stem cells receiving particular attention. Approaches that harness cellular signaling pathways have also been investigated. Experimental studies conducted in both animal models and human subjects have demonstrated that cell-based therapies hold remarkable potential, showing efficacy through improvements in cardiac function, patient quality of life, and overall safety. Clinical data concerning therapies based on cellular signals, while sometimes inconclusive, often yield outcomes comparable to or even superior to those of cell-based interventions. Nonetheless, both approaches face substantial challenges, including the need to ensure reproducibility of results, standardization of therapeutic product preparation, and addressing ethical and regulatory considerations. To translate these promising strategies into clinical practice, a greater number of large-scale, multicenter, and diverse clinical trials will be required.

Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the GLA gene, leading to α-galactosidase A deficiency, accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), and progressive multiorgan involvement. Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays a central role in disease pathogenesis. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying oxidative stress, the relevance of oxidative damage biomarkers, and potential therapeutic implications. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using terms related to Fabry disease, Gb3 metabolism, mitochondrial and endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory signaling, and oxidative stress markers. Clinical, experimental, and translational studies were included. Available data demonstrate that Gb3 accumulation disrupts mitochondrial function and activates NADPH oxidase, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways, resulting in excessive production of reactive oxygen species. These processes contribute to cellular injury, particularly within the cardiovascular, renal, and nervous systems. Biomarkers such as malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, glutathione redox status, and antioxidant enzyme activities appear useful for assessing oxidative burden and monitoring therapeutic responses. Overall, current evidence underscores the pivotal role of oxidative stress in the progression of Fabry disease and highlights the need for further research into targeted antioxidant and disease-modifying therapeutic strategies.

The increasing prevalence of marital infertility and the persistent desire for offspring have become more significant issues over past decades. Considering the potential genetic, hormonal, and anatomical causes, it is evident that the analysis of infertility is complex, necessitating the development of innovative therapies to address various challenges and dilemmas. The interdisciplinary collaboration of multiple fields fosters scientific progress, such as the development of new research models, reproductive mini-organoids, enhancing the chances of successful parenthood even in challenging cases. Since the fifth decade of the 20th centurymarked by the in vitro fertilization of an egg cell, the birth of Louise Brown (the first test-tube baby), the methods of embryo cryopreservation, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), and the genetic editing technology CRISPR-Cas9-research has been advancing towards promising directions for studying infertility causes and testing potential therapeutic interventions in controlled conditions. Gene therapy stands as a significant pillar, with 2017 witnessing promising experimental advancements in repairing mutations responsible for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Attempts were also made to create Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) immunity by disabling the CCR5 gene, leading to the birth of twins with this variation. Progress in innovative therapies has kept pace with advancements in artificial intelligence, poised to revolutionize reproductive medicine by minimizing human errors. Machine learning (ML) algorithms are being integrated into embryo selection processes, predicting their implantation potential, raising concerns among various nations about eugenics and the interference with human nature. These concerns form a highly debated legal and political pillar. The growing automation is driven by arguments related to the increasing problems of future challenges, such as environmental changes or declining gamete quality. Scenarios under consideration include the development of advanced assisted reproduction technologies and support programs. Theoretical possibilities of alternative methods for organism development are being explored, though they remain constrained by the necessity of rigorous human studies.