Drought poses a significant risk to the cultivation of drought-sensitive crops. Consequently, it is essential to employ management strategies to mitigate the impacts of drought. Four levels of PEG (0.0, − 0.40, − 0.80, and − 1.20 MPa) and four levels of glycine betaine (GB) and gibberellic acid (0, 15, 30, and 45 mg/l) were used in a factorial form with a completely random design over three repetitions in order to assess the impact of treating sunflower seeds with these substances under experimental drought stress conditions. After soaking the seeds for 12 h in the aforementioned glycine betaine and gibberellic acid concentrations, the seeds were transferred to a Petri dish and mixed with the prepared concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 to be applied to every dry surface. The findings indicated that drought stress resulted in a substantial reduction in all assessed parameters across the control group and various amounts of glycine betaine and gibberellic acid. Seeds primed with glycine betaine exhibited a substantial enhancement in germination rate and power, root length, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (MDA). 30 mg/l dosage of glycine betaine demonstrated superior efficacy in improving the protective response to stress. The PCA analysis revealed that the parameters examined could be classified into two separate categories. Consequently, glycine betaine may be regarded as a natural and environmentally benign agent for augmenting plant resilience to drought stress.

As a result of the rapid increase in the world population, the problem of balanced and adequate nutrition has emerged, and at this point, the importance of animal production has increased even more. In this respect, there is a need to increase the cultivation areas of forage crops, as well as the correct management and reclamation of pastures for adequate and balanced nutrition of our existing animals. For this reason, forage pea (Pisum sativum L.), which has high nutritional value and is preferred by animals, is an important forage crop to meet this need. Salinity significantly limits the growth of the plant and causes yield losses. This abiotic stress negatively affects forage peas. In order to reveal the differences in the germination of forage pea varieties at different salt concentrations and the differences in the physical properties of the roots and seedlings, the effect of different salt concentrations on nine different varieties of forage peas was carried out in Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Agricultural Research and Biotechnology Center Laboratories in 2022. In the research, the effects of nine different field types (Ürünlü, Töre, Ateş, Guifredo, Taşkent, Özkaynak, Kurtbey, Uysal and Nany) at one control and eight different salt concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 mM) on germination and seedling growth were examined. The experiment was carried out according to Completely Randomized Factorial Designs with 3 replications. In the research; germination speed and power, root dry and fresh weight, root dry and fresh length, seedling dry and fresh weight, seedling dry and fresh length were examined. According to the results obtained, a significant decrease was observed in germination rate, germination strength, root-shoot length and wet-dry weights of forage pea varieties due to increasing salt concentration. It has been determined that Tore field pea variety has the highest germination rate and power. Tore field pea showed 100% germination speed and power up to 150 mM salt concentration. In addition, Töre variety is followed by Ateş variety in all parameters. The varieties with the lowest germination rate and vigour were Guifredo and Uysal. As a result, the growth of forage pea varieties slowed down due to increasing salt concentration.

Günümüzde ve gelecekte tarımsal üretimin sürdürülebilirliği oldukça önemlidir. Tarımda sürdürülebilirliği sağlamak için patojen olmayan veya virüssüz bitkiler yetiştirmek, var olan bitkilerin gen kaynaklarını korumak, yeni bitki çeşitleri geliştirmek, biyotik ve abiyotik stres koşullarına karşı dayanıklı bitkiler yetiştirmek önem arz etmektedir. Bu konulara bitki doku kültürü alanı hizmet etmektedir. Bitki doku kültürü, aseptik şartlarda yapay bir besin ortamında adına eksplant denilen hücre, doku veya organ gibi bitki kısımlarından kontrollü çevre koşullarında bitki üretim tekniğidir. Doku kültüründe geliştirilen bitkiler, çevre koşullardan etkilenmemektedir. Bunun yanında uygun kültür ortamında bu bitkilere çeşitli özellikler kazandırılmaktadır. Bu şekilde amaç, hastalıklar taşımayan bir bitki elde etmek, sekonder metabolitler üretmek, bitkilerin gen kaynaklarını korumak ve klasik tarım yöntemleriyle çözülemeyen sorunlara çözüm getirmek, kaliteli ekonomik bir bitkisel üretim gerçekleştirmektir. Bu derlemedeki amaç ise, doku kültürü ve doku kültür kullanım alanlarına bütüncül bir şekilde bakılmasını sağlamak ve önemini vurgulamaktır.

Forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an annual legume forage crop grown in various regions of Türkiye. It is high in protein, carbohydrate, and digestible matter and contains minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, and vitamins A and D. Salinity stress is an important problem in the cultivation of forage peas. Salinity reduces the osmotic potential of soil solutes, making it difficult for the roots to absorb the water. This study aimed to determine some parameters of two registered forage pea cultivars at different concentrations of two salt types. The effects of these salts on the morphological characteristics and biochemical components of two different registered cultivars of pea, cv. Ateş and cv. Töre were investigated in the present study. The trials were conducted in pots and Na2SO4 and CaCl2 were applied at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM. As a result of the trials, the morphological characteristics like fresh and dry weights and lengths of roots and shoots were investigated along with the biochemical properties like total antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The study was performed in 2 replicates to determine the effect of different salt types and concentrations. The critical salt concentration values for the change in shoot and root fresh weight among morphological traits were determined as 100 and 150 mM for secondary metabolites. While the cv. Töre forage pea showed the highest salt resistance in shoot and root fresh weights in the presence of Na2SO4 the cv. Ateş forage pea showed the lowest salt resistance in the presence of CaCl2. In terms of shoot and root dry weights, the cv. Töre forage pea showed the least resistance at 50 mM Na2SO4 concentration. As for plant length, the cv. Ateş forage pea cultivar showed the least resistance in shoot length at 150 mM CaCl2 concentration, while it showed the highest resistance in root length at this value. The highest total antioxidant activity for the cv. Ateş forage pea and the highest total phenolic content for the cv. Töre forage pea were determined at 150 mM CaCl2 concentration. The lowest total phenolic content value was estimated in the cv. Töre forage pea cultivar at 150 mM Na2SO4 salt concentration.

The faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is cultivated in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions only. It is a rich source of protein and an important source of food and feed for human and animal consumption. Faba beans have a narrow genetic base and their improvement through hybridization is not feasible because of high pollen self-incompatibility. This study was carried out using the embryonic axis of cv. Filiz99 and Eresen87 regenerated on MS medium containing 11 different combinations of BAP and NAA. The results showed 100% shoot regeneration frequency with maximum number of 3.3 and 3.5 shoots per explant on cv. Filiz99 and Eresen87 respectively. Regenerating shoots were rooted on 1 mg L–1 IAA. The in vitro regenerated shoots were continuously cultured for 3 weeks to acclimatize them. This approach could improve broad bean seed germination and subsequently regeneration. The results could also facilitate genetic transformation studies.