Weeds are unwanted and undesirable plants which deteriorate the quality of agricultural products and interfere with farming activities. Most of the weeds (indigenous and invasive) seeds get preserved in soil horizons as weed seed bank which ensure their survival leading to the spoilage of quantitative and qualitative functioning of agricultural farms.

As a result of the rapid increase in the world population, the problem of balanced and adequate nutrition has emerged, and at this point, the importance of animal production has increased even more. In this respect, there is a need to increase the cultivation areas of forage crops, as well as the correct management and reclamation of pastures for adequate and balanced nutrition of our existing animals. For this reason, forage pea (Pisum sativum L.), which has high nutritional value and is preferred by animals, is an important forage crop to meet this need. Salinity significantly limits the growth of the plant and causes yield losses. This abiotic stress negatively affects forage peas. In order to reveal the differences in the germination of forage pea varieties at different salt concentrations and the differences in the physical properties of the roots and seedlings, the effect of different salt concentrations on nine different varieties of forage peas was carried out in Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Agricultural Research and Biotechnology Center Laboratories in 2022. In the research, the effects of nine different field types (Ürünlü, Töre, Ateş, Guifredo, Taşkent, Özkaynak, Kurtbey, Uysal and Nany) at one control and eight different salt concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 mM) on germination and seedling growth were examined. The experiment was carried out according to Completely Randomized Factorial Designs with 3 replications. In the research; germination speed and power, root dry and fresh weight, root dry and fresh length, seedling dry and fresh weight, seedling dry and fresh length were examined. According to the results obtained, a significant decrease was observed in germination rate, germination strength, root-shoot length and wet-dry weights of forage pea varieties due to increasing salt concentration. It has been determined that Tore field pea variety has the highest germination rate and power. Tore field pea showed 100% germination speed and power up to 150 mM salt concentration. In addition, Töre variety is followed by Ateş variety in all parameters. The varieties with the lowest germination rate and vigour were Guifredo and Uysal. As a result, the growth of forage pea varieties slowed down due to increasing salt concentration.

Weed suppression is a crucial factor in sustainable agriculture, and optimizing plant mixtures can enhance weed control efficiency. This study evaluates the effects of different mixture ratios of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) on forage yield, biomass production, dry matter production, and weed suppression in organic forage cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted during the 2021–2022 growing season at two locations in Turkey: Ankara/Yenikent and Manisa/Beydere, using 11 mixture ratios ranging from 100% vetch to 100% ryegrass. Results showed that ryegrass-dominant mixtures, particularly 10% vetch/90% ryegrass and 30% vetch/70% ryegrass, achieved the highest forage and dry matter yields while maintaining effective weed suppression. Pure ryegrass systems (100% ryegrass) exhibited the highest overall productivity, whereas pure vetch (100% vetch) treatments were less effective in weed control and biomass production. Environmental differences between locations significantly influenced the performance of mixtures, with Manisa/Beydere yielding higher overall results. This study highlights the potential of optimizing vetch–ryegrass mixtures to balance forage yield, weed suppression, and adaptability in organic cropping systems, offering practical insights for sustainable forage production. Ryegrass-dominated mixtures (30% V 70% RG, 60% V 40% RG) have been shown to provide high yields, effective weed suppression, and better nutritional benefits than vetch.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Bilecik koşullarında yalın ve farklı ekim oranlarında kullanılan soyanın ve mısırınbitkisel özellikleri ile yem verimlerinin incelenmesi ve mısır bitkisinin ekim normunu azaltmadan soyanın katılımoranını belirleyerek otun verim ve kalitesini ve miktarını artırmaktır. 2015 yılında, tesadüf blokları denemedesenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülen denemede, mısır sıra arası 70, sıra üzeri 15 cm olacak şekildeekilmiş ve mısır sıra üzerine %30, %50 ve %70 oranlarında soya eklenerek, farklı ekim oranları kullanılarakmısır ve soya birlikte yetiştirilmiştir. Bu araştırma sonucunda; mısırda en yüksek bitki boy uzunluğu, yaprak vesap oranı, ham protein oranı, ham protein verimi ve toplam kuru madde verimi Mısır+%70 soya ekim oranındanelde edilmiştir. Ayrıca istatistikî olarak önemli çıkmamakla birlikte, en yüksek yeşil ot ve kuru madde verimi deMısır+%70 soya ekim oranından elde edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, sindirim düzeyi çok yavaş ve düşük olduğundan,rasyonda düşük miktarlarda olması istenen ADF ve NDF oranları da Mısır+%70 soya ekim oranından en düşükoranda bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonunda, en yüksek toplam kuru madde verimi, toplam ham protein verimi, kurumadde verimi bakımından alan eş değerlik oranı ve ham protein verimi bakımından Mısır+%70 soya ekim oranıuygunluğuna karar verilmiştir.