The larvae and damage symptoms of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Cnaphalocrocis patnalis exhibit a high degree of similarity, which often leads to confusion between the two species. This has posed challenges for research on their population dynamics and the development of effective control measures. To better understand their morphological and damage characteristics, population dynamics, species identification based on COI gene fragments, and potential future distribution, a searchlight trap monitoring program was conducted for C. medinalis and its closely related species C. patnalis across four sites in Longhua, Haitang, and Yazhou districts in Hainan Province from 2021 to 2023. The MaxEnt model was utilized to predict the potential global distribution of both species, incorporating known occurrence points and climate variables. The trapping results revealed that both species reached peak abundance between April and June, with a maximum of 1500 individuals captured in May at Beishan Village, Haitang District. Interannual population fluctuations of both species generally followed a unimodal pattern. Genetic analyses revealed distinct differences in the mitochondrial COI gene fragment, confirming that C. medinalis and C. patnalis are closely related yet distinct species. The population peak of C. patnalis occurred slightly earlier than that of C. medinalis, and its field damage was more severe. Infestations during the booting to heading stages of rice significantly reduced seed-setting rates and overall yield. Model predictions indicated that large areas of southern Eurasia are suitable for the survival of both species, with precipitation during the wettest month identified as the primary environmental factor shaping their potential distributions. At present, moderately and highly suitable habitats for C. medinalis account for 2.50% and 2.27% of the global land area, respectively, whereas those for C. patnalis account for 2.85% and 1.19%. These results highlight that climate change is likely to exacerbate the damage caused by both rice leaf-roller pests, particularly the emerging threat posed by C. patnalis. Overall, this study provides a scientific basis for invasion risk assessment and the development of integrated management strategies targeting the combined impacts of C. medinalis and C. patnalis.

Gene editing technologies are playing an increasingly important role in the study of insect gene functions. Appropriate incubation humidity helps improve the hatching rate of insect eggs. However, to date, no study has evaluated the impact of humidity on the hatching rate of gene-edited eggs or the subsequent development of the larvae. Using the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as a model, we investigated the weight and hatching rate of microinjected eggs under different humidity conditions. We determined the larval development time and pupal weight and calculated the larval gene editing efficiency. The results showed that post-microinjection incubation under high humidity (RH = 95%) had a significant influence on CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited eggs. The key research results indicate that, compared with the incubation environment with RH ≤ 80%, after 48 h of incubation under 95% RH, the hatching rate of H. armigera eggs increased by more than 27.5%, with higher egg saturation and greater egg weight; meanwhile, the larval developmental duration was shorter and the pupal weight was also greater. These results establish a humidity-regulated developmental recovery protocol for gene-edited insects, which provides theoretical and practical support for optimizing post-microinjection recovery processes in gene-edited insects.