Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are prevalent endocrine disorders with overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is commonly associated with PCOS, with both conditions strongly linked to insulin resistance (IR), while recent studies have also reported an increased prevalence of PCOS among women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This study evaluated the potential of Lythrum salicaria L. ethanol extract (LSEE) to mitigate oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and metabolic and hormonal imbalances in separate experimental models of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM and Letrozole (LET)-induced PCOS. LSEE underwent phytochemical analysis to quantify total phenolic and flavonoid content and HPLC-MS for polyphenols identification. In vitro, antioxidant capacity was investigated through FRAP, DPPH, NO, and H₂O₂ scavenging assays. Subsequently, in vivo, studies utilized STZ-induced DM and LET-induced PCOS rat models, with 10-day treatments of LSEE, metformin, or trolox (TX) administered by gavage. Dysregulation of hormonal profiles, ultrasound, and histological examinations confirmed PCOS development. At the end of the treatment period, serum samples were collected to assess OS markers (TOS, OSI, MDA, AOPP, 8-OHdG, NO, 3-NT, AGEs, TAR, SH) in both models. Inflammatory markers were also measured (IL-1β, NF-κB, IL-18, and Gasdermin D in DM and IL-1β, NF-κB, IL-18, and IL-10 in PCOS). Additionally, metabolic markers (glucose, lipids, TG-glucose index, liver enzymes) were assessed in DM rats, and hormones (LH, FSH, estrogen, testosterone, insulin, HOMA-IR) were determined in PCOS rats. LSEE demonstrated a high polyphenolic content and notable in vitro antioxidant activity. In vivo, it effectively reduced OS by lowering oxidant levels and enhancing antioxidant defenses, reduced inflammatory markers and blood glucose levels, and improved lipid profiles along with the TyG index and liver injury markers in diabetic rats. In PCOS rats, LSEE lowered the total oxidants, increased antioxidants, reduced LH, FSH, testosterone, and insulin, and increased estrogen levels. The effects exhibited a dose-dependent pattern, with higher doses producing more pronounced benefits comparable to those observed with metformin and TX. In conclusion, LSEE may be a promising complementary treatment for DM and PCOS.

Microplastic pollution is a pressing global concern, yet its immunotoxicological impacts on invertebrates remain poorly understood. The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larva has gained attention for its role in waste management and potential bioremediation, making it essential to evaluate its interactions with microplastics. In this study, fluorescent carboxylate-modified polystyrene microbeads were directly injected into the hemocoel of larvae to bypass gut-associated variables and investigate systemic immune responses. Experimental groups were analyzed at multiple time points (1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days) using histopathology, cytology, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results confirmed the persistence and systemic distribution of microplastics in hemolymph and tissues, with hemocytes exhibiting active phagocytosis of particles. Microplastics were retained within tissues for up to seven days, indicating long-term sequestration. Histological observations further highlighted their close association with metabolically active organs such as the fat body and Malpighian tubules, suggesting possible effects on detoxification and metabolism. These findings demonstrate that microplastics elicit measurable immune responses and are subject to cellular uptake and retention in insect larvae. The study provides novel insights into the immunological and histopathological consequences of microplastic contamination in H. illucens larvae, with implications for their safe use in bioconversion and bioremediation applications.

Veterinarians can obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the progression of ovarian cystic pathology in dogs by assessing hormonal levels. This study aimed to examine the gonadocorticoid profile of dogs diagnosed with ovarian cysts and compare these levels with those of healthy female dogs. The study included 96 female dogs split into two groups: a control group of healthy females and a study group of females with ovarian cysts larger than 4.5–5 mm in diameter and in diestrus or anestrus phase, determined by progesterone measurements. The control group had no ovarian pathologies and matched the estrus cycle phase of the study group. Ovarian cysts were diagnosed using the Esaote MyLab X5 ultrasound machine, while sex hormone levels (testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol) were measured with the Biomerieux MiniVidas analyzer. The analyzer utilizes the Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) technique for hormonal assessments. The study group (ovarian cysts) had significantlyhigher estradiol levels (21.83 pg/ml) compared to the control group (10.70 pg/ml). However, there was no significant difference in progesterone levels between the two groups. The study group females showed significantly higher estradiol levels in both the anestrus phase (p = 0.0105) and the diestrus phase (p = 0.0105). There was also a significant difference in estradiol levels between control group females in diestrus and anestrus, with significantly higher levels observed in the anestrus phase (p =0.0105). In summary, female dogs with ovarian cysts had higher estradiol levels in both estrus and anestrus phases compared to the control group. The authors recommend assessing hormonal profiles in dogs with ovarian cysts for better treatment planning.

Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are among the most frequently diagnosed neoplasms in female dogs, with complex etiologies involving age, breed, body size, and reproductive status. This retrospective study analyzed 250 cases comprising 361 mammary tumors to evaluate demographic patterns, histopathological subtypes, and their topographical distribution. The majority of tumors (88.64%) were malignant, with complex carcinoma being the most common subtype (24%), followed by intraductal papillary carcinoma (14.95%). The mean age at diagnosis was 9.36 years, with 60.8% of cases occurring in dogs older than 8 years. Mixed-breed dogs were most frequently affected, followed by Bichon-type breeds and German Shepherds. Small-sized dogs (<10 kg) accounted for 43.5% of cases. Regarding the reproductive status, 35.6% of dogs were unspayed, while the remainder were either intact or had an undetermined status, reflecting regional spaying practices. A statistically significant association was identified between histological subtype and mammary gland location, revealing non-random, region-specific tumor distribution. Complex carcinomas were frequently located in the left canial abdominal mammary segment (L.A2), right canial abdominal mammary segment (R.A2), and left inguinal mammary segment (L.ING); mixed and tubular carcinomas were more prevalent in R.A2 and R.ING; and tubulopapillary carcinomas appeared predominantly in L.ING. While no significant overall association was found between tumor grade and gland location, grade III carcinomas showed a possible predilection for the left inguinal gland (L.INGH), indicating a regional tendency that warrants further investigation. These findings underscore the importance of anatomical factors in the development of CMTs and support the integration of gland-specific tumor patterns into diagnostic assessment and surgical decision-making.