Introduction. Schistosomiasis, caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma, has organ-specific morbidity due to hosts inflammatory response to the oviposition of parasite eggs in vessels and organs. Damage to the cardiovascular system, including aneurysms, has been described in patients. Aims and Methods. Aims of the review of case reports and series published in literature were to describe the occurrence of aneurysm in patients with schistosomiasis. Investigation Outcomes. A total of 13 cases (seven males and six females) with a mean age of 41.3±14.9 years were included. Aneurysm occurred in patients with active or previous infection. In more than half of the cases, an intestinal or hepato-splenic involvement was reported, followed by pulmonary schistosomiasis and urinary or testicular involvement. The most frequently involved arterial district was the pulmonary artery. Immunomodulation and thrombophilia were featuring challenging surgery. Conclusions. More studies are needed to shed light on the vascular complications of schistosomiasis, to ascertain the true burden of aneurysms in patients with schistosomiasis, to establish the pathophysiology of vessel damage and aneurysm formation, and to assess if there is an association between schistosomiasis and aneurysm formation in line with WHO 20212030 NTD Roadmap.

The emergence and spread of HIV drug resistance mutations (DRMs) pose a threat to current and future treatment options. To inform policy, this review aimed to determine the magnitude and patterns of DRMs in patients on ART in Tanzania. A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE through PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL up to December 2024. A total of 9685 HIV patients from 23 eligible studies were analyzed. The prevalence of virological failure in studies that used a threshold of >1000 and >400 copies/mL was 24.83% (95% CI: 17.85–32.53%) and 36.94% (95% CI: 24.79–50.00%), respectively. Major DRMs were observed at 87.61% (95% CI: 76.25–95.91%). A decrease in prevalence was observed in studies conducted from 2019, with a pooled prevalence of 62.15% (95% CI: 31.57–88.33%). The most frequently observed HIV-1 subtypes were subtype C at 36.20% (95% CI: 30.71–41.85%), A1 at 33.13% (95% CI: 28.23–38.20%), and subtype D at 16.00% (95% CI: 11.41–21.12%), while recombinant forms of the virus were observed at 13.29% (95% CI: 9.79–17.17%). The prevalence of DRMs against NRTIs and NNRTIs was significantly high, while that against INSTIs and PIs was low, supporting the continued use of PI- and INSTI-based regimens in Tanzania and the need for continued surveillance of DRMs.

Background: Underweight is common among people with tuberculosis (TB) and may alter the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of first-line antituberculosis drugs. However, the direction, consistency, and clinical significance of these effects remain uncertain. Objective: To review associations between underweight and related nutritional phenotypes and first-line antituberculosis drug pharmacokinetics in adults and children. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ProQuest, CINAHL, grey literature sources, and citation tracking were searched through May 2026. Eligible studies evaluated nutritional status in relation to pharmacokinetic outcomes for isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, or ethambutol. Pharmacokinetic parameters, achieved mg/kg dose, treatment timing, dose or body-size adjustment, and target attainment were extracted where reported. Longitudinal studies were synthesized separately from cross-sectional and model-based studies. Findings were synthesized narratively because of heterogeneity in nutritional definitions, dosing, endpoints, and analytical methods. Results: Twenty-eight studies involving 3,992 participants were included; 16/28 (57.1%) enrolled children and 12/28 (42.9%) adults. Among cross-sectional or model-based studies, lower exposure associated with an adverse nutritional phenotype was reported in 4/21 isoniazid studies, 7/18 rifampicin studies, 5/14 pyrazinamide studies, and 1/8 ethambutol studies. Longitudinal studies showed variable changes during nutritional rehabilitation or treatment. These directional findings were descriptive and did not account for differences in study size, effect magnitude, or precision. Risk of bias was moderate in 26/28 studies (92.9%). Achieved mg/kg dose was inconsistently reported or adjusted for, and few studies reported target attainment by nutritional phenotype. Conclusions: Underweight and related nutritional phenotypes may be associated with altered pharmacokinetics, but current evidence does not establish an independent causal effect. Observed differences may reflect changes in drug disposition, achieved dose, treatment timing, weight change without dose reassignment, comorbidities, and disease severity. Current evidence does not support routine dose adjustment based solely on anthropometric status. Prospective studies should report longitudinal dosing, evaluate clinically relevant target attainment, and assess targeted therapeutic drug monitoring and model-informed precision dosing.